xr ,09 I SIXTH ANNUAL Iowa Year Bcol( of flgriGillWrB Issued by the Iowa Deoarwni (1 flflricuiiure 1905 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL QAKUBN. DBS MOINES BERNARD MURPHY, STATE PRINTER. 1906 .or PREFACE. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL QAKDEN. Note: — This yearbook should have been received from the State Prin- ter, ready for distribution, by June 1, 1906. The delay has been caused by the large amount of extra work ordered by the last General Assembly, and the printers strike. No blame can be attached to the office of the Department of Agriculture for the delay, the copy for the book having been ready since January 16, 1906 J. C. Simpson, Secretary. The Iowa Year book of Agriculture is published by the State Department of Agriculture, and is for free distribution. The book can not be published until after the close of the calendar year, for the reason that it contains information, statistics, etc., which are not available until after that time. The present volume includes the papers and discussions pre- sented at the State Farmers' Institute meeting, proceedings of the Agricultural Convention and synopsis of the proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture and committee meetings during the year of 1905; statistics of farm crops and a review of the weather conditions and rain fall for the year; statistics on live stock, farm crops, farm acreage and other information complied from the state census report of 1905; proceedings of the annual meetings of the Improved Stock Breeders', Iowa Swine Breeders', and Iowa State Dairy associations; statistics and other inform ition complied from the Dairy Commissioners' report; report of Pure Food Committee on the adulteration of foods, etc., and proposed legislation to regulate same; some papers read before county farmers' institutes, with articles from different sources on agriculture, . and kindred subjects, of interest to the farmer; reports from county and district agri- cultural societies in the state receiving state aid, with statement of their finances as reported on November 1st; together with a directory of societies, associations and organizations represent- ing agricultural interests in Iowa and other states. J. C. Simpson, Secretary State Board of Agriculture and Editor Iowa. Year Book of Agriculture. Des Moines, Iowa. January 16, 1903. CTi CD cr. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. GOVERNOR OP STATE Des Moines. PRESIDENT IOWA STATE COLLEGE Ames. STATE DAIRY COMMISgiONER Des Moines. STATE VETERINARIAN ForestCity. OFFICERS W W. MORROW, Prestden-t Afton. O. B. CA.MEROSr, Vice-President ^' t-ces^H-y for 'he farmer to dispose of his sewage by other means than simply discharging it into a stream or ditch. The old means used in such cases was the construction of a cesspool, and instead of. making this cesspool water- tight it was undertaken to make it as porous as possible so as to avoid the expense and discomfort of having to clean out its contents at inter- vals. Such "leeching cesspools" are often more objectionable on account of polluting the surrounding wells than is the privy vault, for the quan- tity of material discharging into them is increased many fold by the water from the plumbing fixtures, and consequently the pollution is car- ried further into the surrounding soil. I have known of cases in locali- ties having limestone rock underneath where the individual householder congratulated himself because his cesspool had an outlet into some seam in the rock. Perhaps on an adjacent lot, or even on his own lot, was located a well and it is quite possible that this same seam in the rock communicated directly with the well. In one town in this state it SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 35 is said that tlie construction of a city well in such a formation caused private wells in the town to go dry. Incredible as it may seem, in the case of an intelligent community, the same private wells were then uti- lized as cesspools. "Wherever a cesspool is used to disiKDse of the sewage of a house it should be made absolutely watertight by lining it with plastered cement masonry, and as often as necessary the contents of the cesspool should be pumped out and carted away. This, however, is expensive and the cleaning out of such cesspools is a very disagreeable task. In the recent development of sewage disposal the sewage is purified by means of certain species of bacteria. Within the last few years it has been found that one class of bacteria can be utilized in a tank some- what like a cesspool, which is called a septic tank. By the way, this word "septic" is sometimes miscalled "antiseptic." In the septic tank we encourage the growth of bacteria instead of discouraging their growth as the word "antiseptic" would mean. In the septic tank the kind ol bacteria cultivated are what are known as "anaerobic bacteria", viz., those which do not require air and oxygen to live. These anaerobic orean- isms seize upon the organic matter in the sewage and partially break it up and change it to mineral form. After a time much of the solid matter in the sewage is liquified. A septic tank is nothing but a water- tight tank of proper size and arranged in accordance with certain prin- ciples, into which the sewage is discharged. The sewage itself contains enough of the proper organisms to start them in the tank and within a few weeks they become established of themselves in sufficient numbers to act properly upon- the sewage. The proper size of tank for the indi- vidual family is a matter upon which we are still experimenting. It should probably contain three hundred to five hundred gallons. The inflow of sewage should be through a vitrified pipe placed just above the level of the water in the tank and turned down so that the sewer will be trapped oflf from connection with the septic tank. Similarly, at the outlet end some means should be provided, such as a baffle board extending from above the surface a distance of fifteen to eighteen inches into the sewage, to hold back all scum which forms on the surface of the sewage. The tank should be made water tight and tbp opening provided for cleaning it should be provided with a tight cover. The overflow from the septic tank usually contains a considerable amount of fine inky black particles which represent part of the organic matter in changed condition. In the form of septic tanks with which we are now experimenting we are trying to filter out these black parti- cles so as to leave the effluent more clear, and v/hile we have not yet demonstrated finally that this attempt will be a success, yet as the neces- sary arrangement can be provided with very little additional expense I would advise using it. I present herewith a drawing with dimensions, showing the details of the septic tank which, in the present state of our experiments, we believe would be the best to construct. In the septic tank from thirty to fifty per cent of the polluting matter in the sewage can be removed. A small part of this matter remains in 36 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the tank and about once a year such a tank would be pumped out or bailed out. It should not be attempted to thoroughly clean the tank as. this would destroy the organisms of purification. In a properly con- structed tank there should be little or no offensive odor and even the cleaning out will not be found to cause an excessive amount of odor. The effluent from the septic tank, even if clear, should not be con- sidered as thoroughly pure water but in many cases on the farm it can be led away directly into a tile drain without any further treatment. Frequently it will be found that practically nothing escapes from the mouth of the tile serving as overflow for such a tank. The liquid being so clear that it soaks into the ground through the joints of the tile. Very frequently such a tank may be all that is needed to dispose of the sewage of the farm. However, in the case of a city plant it is usually necessary to filter the effluent from the septic tank in order to secure the degree of purifi- cation necessary. The filter for the city plants usually consist of large beds of sand to which the sewage is applied in intermittent doses. The work of purification is done by what we call "aerobic" bacteria, viz., thos"e which require air and oxygen for their life and work. The sewage con- tains enough of these organisms to start the beds and after a few weeks they become established in countless billions in the pores of the sand. As the sewage trickles by them they act upon the organic matter and thoroughly purify it. As each dose of sewage disappears it draws down air into the pores of the sand so as to keep the organisms alive. By combined treatment in the septic tank and filters ninety to ninety-nine per cent of the organic matter and nearly all of the bacteria in the sewage can be removed. We are still experimenting with kinds of filters suita- ble for use in connection with the sewage disposal plant for the farm but we have not yet found anything simple enough to recommend for general use and our work is still proceeding along this line. We believe that we are on the right track but are not ready as yet to say anything definite for publication. In conclusion let me say just a word or two about the farm home of the future. I believe that in the great recent scientific developments in connection with agriculture v/e have paid too little attention to the farm home itself, which, after all, must be the center and principal object of all our agricultural work. Why should not some attention be given to the architecture of the farm home, and why should it not be surrounded with a lawn laid out in accordance with the principles of landscape gardening? To attend to these points may not require much if any additional expenditure of money and what a difference could be made in the attractiveness of our homes. The farm home to which we have a right in the near future will be attractive in every way and will be supplied with all the conveniences of modern life, including water supply, sewerage, and furnace heat. It is even now in telephonic com- munication with the market and with neighbors and even now the mail is delivered daily at its door. Within a few years let us hope it will be SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 37 made such an attractive place that the problem of how to keep our boys on the farm will be solved. The President: The next subject is entitled, "The Five Day Market," by Frank O. Mills, of the National Live Stock Commission Company, Chicago. As Mr. Mills is unable to be here, we will ask Mr. R. S. Johnston to read his paper. THE FIVE DAY MARKET. FRANK O. MILLS, CHICAGO, ILL. Mr. President, Ladies and members of the Iowa State Farmers Institute: President Morrow has assigned to me responsibility for handling a topic that, if not of paramount importance, perhaps, to the live stock shipper and grower, it is at least worth thoughtful consideration. I am glad the gentleman who prepared this programme recognized the importance of what is known as the "Five Day Market," and I am con- vinced that at these annual gatherings problems relating to the trans- portation and marketing of live stock ought to be discussed. Nearly every farmer in the great state of Iowa either raises or ships live stock and, whether he markets it himself or sells at home to a shipper, he is interested in the maintenance of the most favorable market conditions, because, unless they exist, maximum results cannot be realized; and, I address an Iowa audience on this topic all the more readily because Iowa contributing as it does a large proportion of the cattle marketed at Chicago, is in a position more than any other state to, at least par- tially, remedy the evil I shall attempt to portray. A preliminary brief review of the mutations of the past four decades, the period of development of the Chicago Live Stock Market, is essen- tial, and may not prove uninteresting. "When the present Union Stock Yards at Chicago were thrown open for business on Christmas day, 1865, trade was conducted on a much different basis. The great slaughtering houses at Chicago did not even exist in embryo. New York dominated prices, especially of cattle, at every primary receiving point between the Missouri River and the Atlantic sea-board. Chicago confined slaughtering to local receipts, and the bulk of cattle received at that market, after passing out of first hands, were taken by purchasers to Eastern markets. This created the necessity for a three-day-market, and the system was suited to the period that created it. Purchasers, in order to insure placing cattle on Eastern markets at the time required by custom there, operated at Chicago on the Monday, Wednesday and Thursday sessions each week, leaving for the East after filling their orders. This being their practice, commission men, as the agents of the owners, and act- ing with the object of conserving their best interests, advised them to load to catch these principal market days. It was as essential then as the five-day-market is now. Competition was keenest on the three days I have named, and cattle then offered received the benefit of it; 38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE custom thus establishing a practice that yields with reluctance to the requirements of a new trade era. During the past 25 or 30 years the volume of marketing in cattle, ho-gs and sheep has increased enormously; methods of reducing live stock to meat product have changed radically; new channels of trade, in and out, have been created and necessity for new methods of doing business have arisen. From time to time, accord- ing as the pressure of these mutations has been exerted sufficiently, the trade has adapted" itself with more or less facility to the new, discarding step by step the old; but in one essential feature conservation has held its ground, and the off-day-market, as it is erroneously termed, still fails to And favor with many shippers whose skepticism is unquestionably adverse to their own interests. "Figures do not lie," although some wit has asserted that "Liars will figure." Quoting official counts, the largest single day's receipts at the Chi- cago yards were: Cattle 44445, hogs 74551 and sheep 59362, and, while I must admit that I have experienced more unsatisfactory markets with much smaller receipts, you will readily see that when such an enormous number of animals are thrown into the stock yards during a single ses- sion, proper handling is impossible. Railroad facilities fail, terminals are congested and stock yard alleys and pens glutted. Commission men, no matter how efficient their yard forces may be, or how complete their arrangements for giving their patrons good service, fall down, to use the vernacular; whereas, had the excess been shipped to arrive on the so-called off-days it could have been handled more advantageously by railroads, stock yards and commission men, shrinkage avoided, sale and weighing facilitated, and loss avoided. It is the accomplishment of this purpose to which both sides of the market buyers and sellers, are strenuously exerting themselves. Even when united we are powerless without the cooperation of the shipper, and it is with a confidence that I may be able to make a few converts that I present this statement of facts. Now, we all know that there is no philanthropy in business. I never saw any of tbat abstract quality lying loose around the cattle market. Buyers are in the saddle to take something off whenever the opportunity presents itself, and they sleep with the same soundness that marks the slumber of the average weasel. When they put something on it is with reluctance, and simply because the man who is selling the cattle is able to carry his point. From long experience I can assure you that this is no easy task. Consequently, whenever gluts occur on the principal mar- ket days, as they have a deplorable fashion of doing, the buyer promptly swings his hammer — and not only that. There is an old adage, "Do not buy a thing because it looks cheap, unless you need it." I believe all the buyers in my circle of acquaintance keep this posted in their hats because on such occasions many cattle do not even elicit bids. "Can't use 'em" is the answer we get in response to our appeals to buyers to look at the cattle. You know what that means: an over-supplied "mar- ket. Who pays for it? The shipper of course. Killers, profiting by SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 89 long experience, do not buy stuff because it looks cheap when they do not need it, for the simple reason that holding it 24 to 60 hours in the yards, until killing gangs can give it their ustial warm reception, is expensive. The incidental loss they prefer to saddle on the shipper. Feed bills cost money, and cattle laying around the yards, off their regu- lar teed, do not thrive as you all know. Under these conditions an additional loss to purchaser of 10 to 25c per cwt. may soon be incurred, and frequently is, while quality of the beef deteriorates during the detention. The present two or three-day-market system, according as you may designate it, has evaporated a vast amount of bovine wealth, every dollar of which has been so much money our of the pockets of growers and shippers. We are now making joint efforts to remedy this evil. Buyers and sellers are acting in concert. It is a campaign inaugurated two years ago, but not yet completed. We aim to secure equal distriution of sup- ply over five days of the week. During the past two decades the slaught- ering industry has been revolutionized, while we have been plugging along in the same old rut on the market side. We have the buyers with us, every purchasing agency on the market having entered into an agreement to do everything possible to facilitate the reform. Of my own knowledge, I know that some buyers have, on days of excessive receipts, reduced their purchases that they might be in better position to care for the next day's run, thereby keeping faith with the shipper who was showing a disposition to co-operate with them and make this much needed reform an actual fact. Long estalished customs are not easily relegated to the past. Business men are laudably conservative, and we did not begin this cam- paign imbued with any degree of confidence that a few week's effort would accomplish the desired end. The territory from which Chicago draws its live stock supplies is vast. On the West it extends to the Pacific, on the South to the Gulf, on the North to far away Alberta in Canada and .in the East to Michigan and Ohio, and to establish such a radical change, even during the two years we have been engaged in the work, would have been phenomenal, but we are making progress, rapid and convincing progress. It is a recognized fact that whenever the supply of cattle is at all evenly distributed through the week, not only are prices better, but the market has better action and the movement toward the scales is earlier and livelier. This means a saving in shrink- age, and shrinkage is always at the expense of the vendor. There may be some skepticism as to the honesty of purpose of the buyer in advocating a five-day-market. Are not market gluts to his advantage? is the inquiry propounded. I answer emphatically in the negative. Buyers (I mean the men who buy the cattle in the yards) have everything to gain by the reform. Their records are made on the showing of the dressing sheets. Every animal killed is carefully tested as to percentages of live and dressed weight, tallow, offal and hide, and the buyer whose purchases do not show a profit is soon dropped. Now, with equal distribution, the buyer also salesman has 40 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. more time to examine the cattle and bid or price them on their merits. "VVlien he is required to do the worlv of five days in two it is not sur- prising that his judgment, hastily formed of necessity, is faulty, and when he is unable to appraise cattle on their merits the own^r fre- quently suffers grievously. The five-day-market system will work to the advantage of all concerned, shippers, railroads, stock yards, commission men and buyers. It is a reform that ought to have been affected 10 years ago. Gentlemen! We want Iowa to help us make these Monday and Wednesday gluts, things of the past. With evenly distributed receipts results will be more satisfactory and you will be so thoroughly con- vinced that reversion to the old plan will be impossible. I thank you for the opportunity to push the good work along. The President: Our next subject is "Modern Sheep Rais- ing," by Joseph E. Wing, of Mechanicsburg, Ohio. MODERN SHEEP RAISING. JOSEPH E. WING, MECHANICSBURG, O. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I have a big sub- ject, and only a half hour to tell it in. There are so many different things I want to talk about. I remember very well how ignorant I was at modern sheep raising when I first started in it. I have been a cattle feeder, you know. When we were ranching in the west, and when we saw a sheep on the hill, we just passed him on the run. So I knew nothing about sheep, except that they had four legs and wool. I went back to farming in Ohio, a coun- try much like this; the land of about the same price, and you got 35 bushels an acre and we 45. Conditions were very similar. Well, I went back there and started to feeding cattle on the old farm Home. Cattle didn't pay very well; it was in the 90's, you know, and conditions were not just right. Finally I said to myself, here are sheep; a sheep has wool; wool sells at 25 cents a pound; I believe I would like to have some sheep. I just bought a little bunch of ewes. They were good ones; I had them selected by a man who owned sheep; he was a good man, and he picked them out for me. I went down to my little wife — she wasn't so little —we hadn't been married so very long. We drove down the old shady lane, between the rail fence; they came trotting along that old stone pike of ours — hadn't heard about Mr. King's roads then. The man turned them over to us; I gave him his money; I borrowed it, by the way. I came home with that little bunch of ewes; there was my little wife in the buggy; there I was walking behind that bunch of ewes; what more did any man need? I certainly was happy. I says, Florence, I am going to take these old sheep home, and I am going to treat them so well — that girl married me with some foolish idea — I had to borrow the money to pay the preacher when I married her; SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 41 she didn't know it. I says, "if we will just get started with this little bunch of sheep"_perhaps. if I will tell you how I started in, you will get some hints. I took them home and I took good care of them. In the spring they dropped me a few lambs, not quite 100 per cent. One dropped a lamb in January, and I took good care of that lamb. I kept it warm, you know; we nursed that little lamb all through until spring; what a buster it was. We named him Romeo. You know that lamb was so good and when fall came I sold him for $100. The rest dropped little ones; they didn't amount to very much through the sum- mer; yet some of them thrived. The next winter I said, "I am going to do something; I am going to make these old ewes give me splendid results, and 1 am going to give them good care;" they were pretty ewes. You know I had been reading farm journals; I had been read- ing farm papers; read about protein. I said," what these ewes need is protein and bone matter." I hunted around the books and found an advertisement of wheat bran. I bought wheat bran and I stuffed them with all the wheat bran they could eat. Along in the winter — that wife of mine, she would go with me to hold the lantern to see the ewes. The babies were coming; they came fine and strong; they ought to — all that protein — they came fine and strong. But boys let me tell you, some came so fine and strong, they couldn't come at all. One of them weighed 17 pounds when it was born. The poor ewe died soon after; but the lamb was strong enough to take him in the kitchen. He would come under the kitchen chair and tip it over. It died, because I didn't know how to feed it on cows' milk. Then I had an old neighbor who raised sheep all his life. He says: "Joe, the trouble is with you; you don't want to stuff them all winter; that is what makes the lambs so awful big; no use to have them so awful big when they are born; just turn them out in the pasture and let them rough it; give the ewes enough exercise." I says, "all right, I can do that;" I do a lot of feeding of stock; so I just fed those ewes out in the pas- ture on wheat straw and corn fodder and sceneries, and stuff." When the lambs came in the spring, friends, I will tell you, they wern't too big; they came strong enough, but I will tell you where the trouble was; when those little lambs were born the mothers hadn't any milk for them at all. Well, it was really comical. The little lamb would be born, strong and all right; and you would go up and look at it and look around, and the ewe would say to you, "Joe, here is your lamb," and off she would go. She hadn't a single drop of milk in her udder. Then 1 learned the great truth that, if she hasn't any milk in her udder, she won't own it at all. Then I would carry out some cow's milk and feed it. (I had a string of ewes clear along the side of the fence of the pasture; it was a sorrowful time; (pretty try- ing for the ewes.) I learned then the great truth, if that ewe hasn't any milk in her udder, she hasn't got any love in her heart. Instinct told her that. After that I learned that those ewes in the winter time should be well fed. but not fattened. I didn't even give them all the alfalfa they wanted. I fed them a part alfalfa; that is splendid, or 42 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE red clover. I feed them nearly all they want, and I don't want the lamb too large when it is born. There is danger in too much bone development, i want those ewes to be well nourished all winter long, but not fattened; and I want them out dooi's every day, so they may have a great deal of exercise, and shelter whenever it rams. Now, our barns — you know in this country you can't keep sheep without barns; they are so well ventilated, just like being out of doors. We have doors with hinges on the top; we lift them up, and the air just goes through; just as well ventilated as out doors. Let those sheep have just all the fresh air they want; that is the way to keep them healthy and strong; never, have any cold, or anything of that sort. How about the little lambs after they are born? The time to feed a lamb is when he is a baby. So when our lambs are born, as soon as they are a week or ten days old, we teach them to eat for themselves. We have a little lamb corner in the barn where the lambs can get into; a sort of a fence, just so the lambs can run through. In there we put the little troughs in which we put the wheat bran. Wheat bran is a mighty good thing, with a little cracked corn. The next thing is to get the lamb to eating it right away; they have to learn this. We take two or three little fellows, treat them kindly, and go in there and hold them and restrain them gently; take a little of that feed and put it in the lamb's mouth, and when he will get so he can eat, he will bring all the rest. We find the best feed for the lambs when they are yet babes, to be equal parts of wheat bran and cracked corn, with about ten per cent of oil meal. And then we give them always all the alfalfa nay they want; all the good, bright corn fodder they want, and an ear of corn — you know they love ear corn. We give them the cracked corn; we give them the cracked corn and put some ear corn in there too. Pretty soon the little rascals begin to shell off the grains; they will eat more ear corn than shelled corn. We have oh the farm to-day something over 1.400 older lambs; they are all eating ear corn. They like it better than shelled corn. I am just telling you this to give you a little pointer. What about these ewes with lambs? Now, we castorate them when they are young, not over ten days old. We cut their tails off while they are young also. There are several ways you can do that. These two little things are to be attended to while the lambs are young or else there is quite a loss. You cannot have any profit in ewes that are ticky. Once a year we put everything on the farm through the dipping vat; it only takes a few minutes. Then when we shear them we take pains to cut that tick in two. I used to love to shear at home. If a man uses the shearing machine he cannot get the ticks all off. Now, when the grass comes, about the time the lamb is born, it I was ranching or farming in Iowa, I would have them born in March or February, probably, and let them run around and take their ease until the grass begins to grow. Then I would shut them up in the vard and wouldn't let them out until the grass is really good. Why? SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I, 4o Because the first grass has nothing but water, no nutriment, and by eating that they wont eat anything else. All the cattle I used to lose died when the green grass came; we never lost any in the winter time, but when the green grass came the cattle died from starvation. That is the principle we go on, shutting the lambs and ewes up when the green grass comes. As to shipping, in March and April I wouldn't ship at all, because the eastern market don't want them. I would feed ear corn and grass the latter part of April, and in June I would ship out every one that I had at an average of 80 pounds. This early maturity comes before the western rancher can get into the market. Then you know when the terrors of July and August come, you haven't any lambs at all, except the pure bred that are kept. All the rest have come and gone and I have got my money for them, and way above what I would get if I kept them until the western rancher got in. Some of them you must keep in the summer, and now there is trouble for any man who tries to raise sheep on eastern farms. Anywhere in the corn belt that trouble comes, the parasite question, the worms getting into the sheep. There is absolutely no spot that is exempt from this trouble. I found the neighbors had them; then we thought may be they didn't go west of the Mississippi River; now we find them in Iowa and in Dakota. I found that Robert Taylor had to go out of keeping sheep in Nebraska. I couldn't talk intelligently to you about keeping sheep without taking time. Now, on our old farm, we don't lose one a year and we don't give any medicine hardly. It is all in the management. I want to talk about proper management in getting rid of these worms. In the first place, you know these worms are carried over in the bodies of these mothe-rs. In the spring time the mother deposits the germs on the grass with her droppings. These little germs in some way get on the grass, and the little lamb takes it in, and you know they will stick inside of the lamb better than the mother. The mother may look in perfect health, yet she may have sufficient germs to infect that lamb. Now, the remedy. Change those sheep from one pasture to another as much as you can, and then let the germs perish on the grass before you take them back. That is a sort of guess-work; you don't know how long to wait. We know that helps. Another remedy is the sowing of crops. Where they use the lands for grass or oats, they rarely become infected. I never knew any infection from alfalfa; they don't bite so close to the ground. On the blue grass pastures, you will find them almost deadly. Now, have the lambs born early; we are able to wean them sooner and we take the ram lambs away; they have to be put on the fresh grass where no old sheep have been. So can we the ewe lambs, and yet they must be with their mothers. We don't often wean ewe lambs until their mothers dry up. We give them the freest reign we can while the ewe lambs are with them. I went across the ocean to discover how to fight the parasite. I found, where the young lambs are given extra feed, they were more 44 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. able to resist and able to fight the parasite in that way. And they give a lot of medicine. A man will go through and drench his whole flock. Well, we sell everything in we have for market in the spring; never later than July, and have them fat and gone before the western ones come in. Just feed this corn with your good blue grass, alfalfa, rape and sowed oats; just make it a business of fattening them up and let them go. There is another branch of sheep culture, and that is fattening lambs. We have on the farm now about 450 western lambs that we feed. I think we feed the best lambs in Ohio, getting right down to a nice little system. When I began feeding lambs in 1890, it was an experi- ment with me; I didn't know anything about it. I bought my first two hundred, I remember very well; I didn't know anything about it. I asked a man how he did. I told him the story about protein. I had nothing but timothy oats and straw, and I went and bought wheat bran. They did well. I fed the first bunch of lambs, every feed with my own hands. They did better for me than anv h^ve since. These lambs weighed 55 pounds in the barn in the fall, and 155 pounds when they came out in the spring. I said, "good; this thing of farming in Ohio is solved now; I can sell and feed all the lambs and put the manure back on the ground and make a litl. 3 profit on it too; this thing is solved." So I went to work the next year. You know, I had to buy a part of the hay. Do you know when I fed 350 I made some money on them. I said to myself "some day, on this farm, I am going to feed 1,000 lambs." You know I didn't tell any- body that. "Now. this old farm is poor; I am going to build it up, put the manure back on it." Finally, on that farm I fed 500 and 700, and I fed a thousand on it. I was a proud boy. Finally I fed twelve hundred on tliat farm; that year they brought big prices. Now, on that same farm we have 1,400, besides the old ewes and little lambs. You know they increased the fertility of that farm, — by that system, feeding all the stuff that was raised on the farm to these blessed sheep, and putting the manure back. I am going to tell you how we feed the 1,400; it is such a simple process. We feed them nothing on earth but corn and alfalfa. The corn is put in the silo first. We fill these silos with corn when the corn is almost ripe so that it comes out sweet and full grown; then we feed them alfalfa and corn. We buy small lambs with a good cross of mutton blood in them. This year, I think they weighed 50 pounds. We have had them weigh even less. The most money I ever made on them, was a bunch, I had to push them almost to get them to the ground when I unloaded them from the cars. We turned them first into a blue grass pasture for a day or two; we didn't turn them out to blue grass at all. It might be different in Iowa; we just let them rest up and feed a little bit. Then we dipped them with some strong solution of coal tar; we only dipped them once; just simply put them in and let them walk out. We never had the scab to break out after SIXTH ANNUAL TEAR BOOK — PART I. 45 a thorough dipping. Then we put them in a barn and let them have alfalfa hay for 30 days; they just gently swelled, you know. By that time they got strong enough to feed them with corn out of the silo a little while, maybe a month. After that we began breaking up corn in two or three pieces and putting maybe one ear to a trough; and in maybe two or three days two ears to a trough; we just gradually increased that feed. The trouble is, by increasing too fast, they get dyspepsia and inflation of the stomach. By this gradual increase in grain, we don't lose any at all. I went to South Carolina three weeks ago, and my brother remarked when I came back, that we used to, when I first began feeding lambs lose six or seven per cent, because we used the self-feeders and they would gorge themselves. We just so gradually increase that corn, until finally, along about New Years day, a little later than that, they get pretty near all they want — no it would be nearly the 1st of February until we finally get them to the point where they can hardly eat three grains more. By the way, we do the same with alfalfa and hay; we want to find it all eaten up. Now, we dry and cure it. Although it rained 33 days during one month we dried and cured our alfalfa. We found, under fair con- ditions, that a long feed pays best— a very gradual increase up to the ultimate point; you don't lose so many. We shear them along the latter part of March; maybe the last week in March. We shear them by hand; we don't use shearing machines; we shear them and after that we keep them a few weeks more, and then we sell them to Buffalo. You know, they always look for our lambs as the best in the market, and they always give us a- little bit more than the market. I have been through some trying and discouraging times. There were years that I made so many blunders, and hung so many hides on the fence and did so many things I ought not to have done, that my brother and I would get on the sunny side of the barn and talk things over, and then we would decide that we could not afford to quit, and we stayed right by it, year after year. Well, we fed the lambs regularly every morning and evening; they looked for it; always at the same time. We kept water before them always, and clean enough to drink. We gave them salt; all the salt they wanted. We either took a salt, barrel and sawed it in two, or else gave them rock salt; I don't know as it makes any difference which it is. Then every nice day we took the manure spreaders and took the manure out into the field. I pay my men $1.25, and because they can get more in harvest, we pay them by the bushel for husking corn; and then because some day we couldn't husk, I paid them the same thing. You know, I am going to tell you now why I like sheep and lamb feeding. Friends, when I came home from the west, and took hold of that old farm at home, it was a discouraging proposition. My father took down his account book and he showed me what hay he sold and wheat, and it all footed up a little less than $700. I had given up a 46 IOWA DEPARTMEMT OF AGRICULTURE. good position as foreman of a ranch on which there were 1,200 cattle. You know my heart went down; if it hadn't been for the old gray -haired father, who was infirm, I wouldn't have stayed. But he said, you take hold and let me be the boy. So I started in. If it hadn't been for these blessed lambs, I don't know whether I would have stayed or not. But the lambs and alfalfa finally brought that farm out. When I came home my father had a little lame old darkey he gave $12 a month and board. On that farm we now employ three married men the year around. I tell you, one of them is a darkey, a young man with a fine family they have got boys; they are boys that go to school along beside my own; they have the same books and the same grub in their dinner. I am glad to see that old farm feed all these people. Most all the year we have three single men work too. and the farm keeps them all. Do you know, that is really remarkable. What has done it? Well, the tile drains were laid, and then the alfalfa went away down in the ground, absorbed the elements and made the ground rich; and then the lambs ate the alfalfa and gave us back the manure; so that every year that old farm gets better and bettei- — really astonish- ing. So, sometimes, friends, when I go out over the place, maybe some Sunday, all alone, in the fall, go through the alfalfa, through the corn — this year we got almost 400 tons of hay, and husked 3,000 bushels of corn — I Just feel so grateful for the goodness of God; not puffed up at all with pride; and then I think, we just sort of put ourselves in harmony with His laws; He knows how to enrich the land;, we do the feeding and_ put the manure back on the land. The other day, my brother says: "Joe, come back here; don't you think a barn running from this end here, and shutting off the wind, don't you think that would be a good thing? Now, if we had more lambs, I wouldn't have to ship hay away and I could give more employment to these single men." I says, "where will it stop?" He says, "I don't know." The President : The paper is open for discussion. Mr. Smith : Would the gentleman allow me to ask him how- he cured that 400 tons oi alfalfa, when it rained ;^t^ days a month ? Mr. Wing : Well, we had to give some of it the water cure. If the gentleman really wants tO' know our system of curing alfal- fa, I will give him the benefit of our experience. As soon as that hay gets wilted enough, so that it is tough, some of tlic nioistttre has gone out, and while it is still tough, so it looks ihy. we rake it into small wind-rows. Now, we go into the field with pitch fork — I go myself, and my brothers do; wc show tlic other fel- lows. We make these hay-cocks small at the bottom ; don't spread them all out; lay one fork full on top of the other so the stems will droop down and throw the water ofi"; a great big SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 47 down-pour won't penetrate it; and then if the wind comes, good dry and strong, it may dry them all out; if it does not, you may have to spread them out. Now, if the hay is dry enough, so that when you tw^ist it vigorously without being wet, we put it in the barn. If you are putting only a few loads in the barn, you have got to have it dry. Mr. Smith: Does it ever mold? Mr. Wing : No, we have a little horse stable where we put in two or three loads. When we put much together, it don't mold. This green color they talk about in Nebraska, about it rotting; I went out to see it; it wasn't anything more than you would see in curing tobacco ; it just simply lost its color. The President : The next paper is entitled, "The Eastern Iowa Institute Organization." by Fred McCulloch, Hartwick, Iowa. THE EASTERN IOWA INSTITUTE ORGANIZATION. Fked McCulloch, Hartwick, I a., No doubt those of you who attended the State Farmers' Institute and Agricultural Convention last year will remember that Secretary Simpson in his annual report recommended that some change be made in the managing and conducting of county farmers' institutes. The matter was not taken up at that meeting, but when several of us were returning home the subject was brought up and discussed and it was decided that one of our number should take the matter up by correspondence with the different officers of farmers" institutes in eastern Iowa and ascertain their sentiments, and your humble servant was selected for this task. I began early in January to first try and find out who the officers were of the different institutes with which we desired to correspond, and I found this a difficult task, as the Department of Agriculture had no complete list, and it was necessary to take the matter up with the different County Auditors. I finally succeeded in obtaining the names and addresses of officers of eighteen organizations in east cen- tral Iowa. It was then decided that a meeting should be called for the pur- pose of getting the officers of these institutes together to discuss the idea of forming an association for farmers institutes, and as Cedar Rapids was the most centrally located for the proposed organization the meeting was called for that place and invitations were sent out to the different counties requesting the institute officers to be present at the meeting set for February 28, 1905. 48 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A great deal of correspondence was required in order to get the officers interested in the new scheme, and Mr. Simpson wrote per-, sonal letters to the different secretaries urging that they be in attend- ance at the meeting. The day of the meeting arrived and eleven counties were represented. Mr. John Hamilton, Institute Specialist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture was present and gave his views of the necessity of cen- tral organizations of institutes, stating that Iowa was the last state to form some plan by which institutes could be held to better advan- tage. After a thorough discussion of the matter a permanent organization was formed, and officers elected. The purpose of our organization is to better the existing conditions of institutes, by first placing them in groups and circuits of four coun- ties each, that outside speakers may be used from one to another at a saving of their time and expense. For example, a speaker has been called from the Agricultural College to address an institute in Jackson county one day and the following day he would be called to Mills county. His expenses would necessarily be very heavy, to say nothing of his having to ride all night, bumped around without sleep, and expected to speak the next day as well as if he had had a good night's rest. No one will dispute me in saying that under these con- ditions it is impossible to do good work. The object in grouping them in four counties is to call that an institute week, enabling a speaker to leave home the first of the week make four institutes and get back home the last of the week. Another object of our organization is to encourage local talent, for there is no institute so good as the one that enjoys a great amount of local talent. Our very best institutes of today are the ones that have this home talent, as people feel more free in coming out in the discussions and greater good is derived. Institutes should be made more educational instead of merely social entertainments, and we believe that organization will do much to fur- ther this end. Another advantage organization has over the present system is that dates and location, as well as speakers, can be selected far enough ahead so that the institutes will not have to be made up in a day or two, as is now being done by many officers. They will have to decide what subjects and speakers they want, and their dates will be set far enough ahead so that they will be more known and a better attendance secured. More time should be taken, than most institutes now give, in select- ing their subjects, for as a general rule the local officers wait until the very last moment before they decide what thoy will have, and then the time is too short to get the best talent, or some other institute has secured the speaker they desire, and they have to take what they can get, while if some system was used they would have to make SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 49 known to the proper officers what they desired and speakers could be secured for them in time. Now, as to how and where an organization of this kind, if extended over the State, should be placed, I am not prepared to say, but think it should be an organization of itself and some one placed at the head of it who would be capable of handling it. If it should be extended over the state it would require a large amount of work to get it properly started, but when once in working order our institutes would begin to do a better grade of work than is now accomplished. It is my hope and desire to see other organizations similar to ours extended to other parts of the state. I do not want to see control of the institutes taken from local hands, for they should select their own local program, but it seems quite necessary that some central organization be established so that outside speakers can be procured with much less expense and loss of their time. I should like to have this matter taken up and discussed here so that we may get the sentiment of those present as to what they think of the undertaking. So far we have been quite sucessful with the work of our organi- zation, but is too young as yet to get all the benefits. Nearly all of the counties in our association hold their institutes so as to come one after the other and those that have been held up to the present time have had a great saving of time and expense. For example, — Iowa county held two institutes, one at North English and the other at Williamsburg, and total expense for Prof. Wayne Dinsmore of the Agricutural College, w'ho attended both meetings was eleven dollars. It seems to me that this is an important question for the future success of our institutes, and I hope that you will all give it due con- sideration. The President : We will now listen to a paper by Hon. F. D. Steen, of West Liberty. AIr. Steen : Glancing down on the program and just look- ing at the watch, I will say, that in the early times, when log houses were being built, and these large places between the larger logs were sought to be filled up, the workman used smaller logs and chips to fill in these spaces. I presume, when the president looked at the program, he concluded to call on your humble ser- vant. We are thankful that we can be used to fill in these spaces. 50 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VALUE OF CIRCUIT ORGANIZATION AND CO-OPERATION OF FARMER'S INSTITUTES. F. D. STEEN, WEST LIBERTY, IOWA. Circuit organization and co-operation of institutes is of value 1. To ttie management of ttie local institute. 2. To the institute worker or the person from eyond the county, who addresses the local institute. 3. To the people of the local institute. 4. Indirectly, to the producers of the state and, hence, to the entire commonwealth. The present institute organization of the state is confined almost exclusively to county lines, or at best only to such and contiguous ter- ritory. The local institute management fixes the date and place of holding the institute, and then tries to obtain outside help that is available and is known to the local officers. Great difficulty has been experienced by these persons in securing speakers, and the considera- tion of having the proper speaker suited to a fitting topic for the locality, has to be dropped very often entirely. The local manager is mostly very well satisfied when he gets outside help at all. He does the best he can in the very limited sphere in which he is familiar, to obtain speakers. He can hardly select topics that are suited to his people and then find speakers who are the best suited to those topics. He learns that other counties have already engaged the men lie wants for that date; for there are many institute managements in the state, and each operates for itself, each tries to get what is deemed best for its own locality. In the present arrangement the local institute is supreme; the state at large knows nothing of its affairs, nothing of who is to address it, nothing of the date of the meeting, nothing of what questions are discussed, and generally, the state does well to receive enough of a report from the local institute, so that the necessary funds may be forthcoming. In short, the institute work in Iowa is organized along strictly' democratic lines, using that word not in its ordinary political sense but in its dictionary meaning, namely, each local institute is entirely independent and supreme to say and do what it wants to. Now, this would be well if it brought about the best results. If it gave to our people such efficient work in the lines indicated no one would think of any change. But Iowa stands far in the van of agri- cultural interests and thought and I believe that in the institute work we are far from getting the benefits which we might derive there- from if a somewhat different system and management were to obtain. I would be the last to do or desire to do anjrthing that would detract in the least or injure in any way the splendid work now being done in this line. But I believe that much more can be done with our pres- SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 5l ent help and even with the present funds if only a little more system were infused into the work. And what shall that system be? My topic suggests circuit organization of institutes. I believe that institutes in a number of counties, contiguous and accessible by the means of communication, could hold their sessions at rapidly following dates one after the other. Outside speakers could attend three or more institutes at one trip. Inconvenience and discomfort in travel to these speakers would be brought to a minimum. The expense account of the institutes would not go so largely toward car fare and much more work could be obtained for the same outlay. If there were some outside management, the speakers suited to a locality could be sent there. For instance, the speakers familiar with dairy topics could be started along some line of railroad or part of the state where those topics are live ones and the institutes in such part could be arranged that these speakers might make a campaign there short, decisive, and efficient, and at the same time economize in money and time, and more, they could conserve In a very large degree the health, the time, and the efficiency of these speakers. This is not all. The people would hear discussions of their work that the local manage- ment could not obtain for them. And still more, counties, which do not now have institutes at all, would find themselves surrounded by, and in the path of these institute evangels, and they would soon also organize for this great work. Still more. A central or outside man- agement with an experienced eye could attend in person many of these institutes and discover talent, now latent, that could be brought out and some of it could be encouraged to be used in larger work over the counties of the state. We have men and women with talent, who would, with a litte judicious prompting and instruction, become of much help to our institutes and re-enforce the line of present workers. Many other benefits and advantages for the circuit organization of institutes might be mentioned, but I desire not to be tedious, and will say that I would retain as many of the good points of the present organization as possible; but I would handle and supplement them by some sort of system that would work larger efficiency and more general institute work. Also, that would economize and conserve not only our funds, but also the time, the talent, the comfort, and the patience of the splendid men who go out and act the part of the institute missionaries. Such system or management I believe to be workable in a district composed of, saj', one-fourth of the state, or it might be expanded to cover the entire commonwealth. Let us by all means retain our home organizations, but let us have a little of the central authority, to give to our efforts intelligent direction and larger returns in many ways than we now get from the work. The splendid agriculture of Iowa, handled by a splendid agricultural citizenship demands the infusion of larger measures of intelligence 52 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. into the farthest corners of the state. Great are the blessings and the prosperity/ that have come to us. They carry with them commen- surate responsibilities. Let us learn to appreciate as fully as possible these blessings and we will then be better fitted to deal with the responsibilities that accompany them. Let us have better institute work that we may all be better farmers, and better prepared to occupy the place that is expected of citizens of this splendid commonwealth. Mr. Wing: Are your institutes organized under the laws of the state? Mr. Steen : Yes, sir. Mr. Wing : Does the state give you some funds ? Mr. Steen : Yes, sir. Mr. Wing: And yet you are independent? Mr. Steen : Yes sir ; they do their work entirely independ- ent ; but they have to make some sort of a report. Mr. Wing: I can readily see that you are in great difficulty in arranging a circuit. The reason I am interested in this, I have a great many requests to come to Institutes in Iowa. Now, it would give me a good deal of pleasure, sometime to make a little circuit in Iowa, just because I like your people. It seems to me you must have this circuit you are asking for before you can ever have your work arranged. It occurs to me they should run along lines of railways. Why couldn't you have a conven- tion of institute managers and arrange a series like the fair cir- cuits ? A Member : I have attended institutes in Iowa, ever since they were organized. While I am an uneducated man, I have been identified very closely in Calhoun county, Iowa, for 25 years, and while I am sometimes accused oi being on the contrary side I am certainly contrary today. While the gentleman was reading his paper, I thought of the Northwestern Iowa Horticultural Society; I believe that takes in about one-fourth of the state; that is carried on somewhat under this central organization. That society will make its announcements sometimes two or three months ahead of time. I have attended some of those meetings. I have found some of the most thoroughly posted men in their line of work. My disappointment has always been, at these meet- ings, that I could count these men on one hand; there were not to exceed 15 men from Calhoun county in the meeting. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 53 We organized an institute three years ago. At that time we started without any money, but received a state appropriation of $50 that year. We held the meeting in the court house ; we suc- ceeded in getting a full house. The first year we had no money to give premiums. We organized with the understanding that everybody had to be a practical farmer to become a member; we paid a membership fee of 50 cents a year. Since that time we have had a premium list; we have gradually increased it. Last year we paid out $300 in premiums. The question with us is, how will we hold the crowd down. This year we intended to have the court house for exhibits, and have the opera house for speaking. Yes- terday, before I came here we had a little talk with the banks and business men's association ; how we could accommodate our men. Last year hundreds went away. We decided we are going to is- sue tickets. This is simply to have the men come that will be interested. In regard to fixing dates ; the first thing to take into consider- ation is to know when the people can attend. The next question is, can we get the buildings at that time. After looking into these things very thoroughly, I find that the institute in Iowa is not practical before the ist of January. We can get retired farmers and a few politicians; we can get a few school professors; but we want young men ; men that are going out into life. Before the first of January we cannot get them. Mr. Wing: All of your part of the state is in the same boat? Alls. Yes, sir. Mr. Wing : Then why can't you put them all after the first of January? Ans. Well, the opera houses are pretty well taken by lecture courses and different things. It becomes necessary that we should be thoroughly posted along that line. For instance, we have a local insurance association local horticultural society, stock breeders association, poultry shows, and there are a great many things that conflict with this centralization of things. I am here to say, and I say it honestly ; I think Calhoun county will bear me out in this ; I have spent a good deal of money ; and if it is left to a central board to fix these things, a large part of the appropria- 54 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tion we now have will be spent away from the county, where it will do us no good. Another thing I will say, and that is, at the present time, the first cost of the machinery it takes to conduct my farm is probably about $4,000. If I take the same view of it, in regard to cen- tralization — for instance, one binder could be made to cut 200 acres. I have a threshing machine to do my own work ; not be- cause I couldn't get a threshing machine, but because I couldn't get it when I wanted it. And it is so with institutes. In regard to getting public speakers, I have no trouble. We hold our in- stitute the 23rd and 24th of January. We have on the program for months, a Mr. Wilson from Ames ; we have Governor Cum- mins to speak in the evening; we have the assistant Dairy Com- missioner ; we have Mr. Morrison of Wallace's Farmer to speak to us; and we are working now to get a gentleman from North- western Iowa to discuss the abuse and use of pedigrees. I will say this, the public speaker must be inconvenienced to some ex- tent, and I would rather pay double my appropriation to what it costs Calhoun county for car fare, to know that I can get a pub- lic speaker and have him there. I believe that this agitation at the present time of centralization in Iowa does not come from the practical farmer, but it is coming from a class of men who are desirous to get hold of this $75 to the county. I was a young man who never received the benefits of a school education; my views of farming have been largely formed by reading agricul- tural papers and attending farmers' organizations. While I think I have attended when it was a great sacrifice, I feel I have not only had returns, but would hate to see anything done in any shape or form that would in any way decrease the interest now manifest in local organizations. Mr. Van Houten : Iowa has tried the central organization and don't want it. The central organization was in effect so long ago, that the only one alive was father Clarkson, who is now dead. Col. John Scott is dead. Lathrope is dead. Fitch B. Stacey is dead. President Shafer is dead. They were the members of the first organization of central institutes in Iowa. After that first central organization was re-organized, I had the honor of being the Secretary and Manager of that concern for four years, and SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART 1. 55 while I can say that the advantages are many, as said by the gentleman, and as shown by Wisconsin and many other states, the people of Iowa don't want it and won't have it. So there is no use to urge it in Iowa. The people don't want it, and as long as the people don't want it, let them keep what they have. Mr, D. Ward King : Now, I don't want a piece of that $75, nor do I believe in the cause of an iron clad, rigid central organ- ization ; but gentlemen, I have traveled in some 8 or 9 states, and I will tell you Iowa people, and I told the Kansas people, that in my opinion you are making a mistake by not having some central management. There is a difference between central power and central management. You cannot get the thing you want in this state without some central management. You want Mr. Wing. You haven't been able to get him. Now, there is another thing I want to say to our friends ; you will pardon me if I speak to the point. There is a misunder- standing here between you people who insist on having what you think is local power, and these people who want to have central management, because I don't think there ' is anybody here who talks about central power; you don't want that. There is just as big a misunderstanding here as there is between the stone road men and the mud road men. One man declares he won't have stone roads. I will tell you that the farmers of Iowa need stone roads and they are getting them ; on the other hand you have got to have tile under it ; it has got to cost ten thousand dollars a mile; there is no use to talk to me about a road that is not built that way. Now, there is a place between the two means. I want yoii to understand I am a practical farmer; I am not a theorist; have been living on one farm for 26 years. I told Mr. Wing today when eating dinner, that this was the first time I had been home for six days that I didn't get some of the colts broke. I have trouble in Kansas lately, and I have trouble in Iowa. For some reason Mr. Wing has trouble in Iowa and Kansas. I cannot afford for the money you pay me to spend two or three days laying around to attend a meeting. You cannot .afford to pay me. I got on my feet and I am talking a good deal longer than I had expected; but I wanted to explain that it is not a question of power, it is a question of management. 56 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Franklin : I desire to say a little, and very much along the line Mr. King has been talking. I take issue with him on this one ground. The people of Iowa would pay Mr. Wing in order to get him. We haven't any difficulty in getting speakers when we hold an institute, as in Calhoun, or down at Mt. Ayr, or a dozen places I might name; the hall won't hold the people They have a little organization of their cwn; in addition <"0 that paid by the state, they pay a membership fee. It has been tried in Iowa, as Mr. Van Houten has said; they w^n't have it. The county has its organization and they are going to stay right by it, and if they can't get one man, they will get another. We are getting more every year. A Member : This organization does not want to lay down any cast iron rules in regard to getting up a program. All we ask them to do is to send in their dates and the subjects and the men they want, and we will endeavor to get these men, and as- sign those dates and subjects to conform to those counties as near as it can be done. We don't want to lay down any rule of that kind. In all the counties they ask for outside help, and I think nearly all ask for college help. We couldn't supply them all. We have some seven or eight days to fill those paces for college men. Now, it took considerable correspondence to get Mr. Ames. The idea of the association is to try and hold them so that we can get them at less expense. Mr. Adair, of Butler County: I have had some little ex- perience in institute work. I was at the "borning" at our institute in Butler county and have been in with it since. I am proud to say it has been very successful. I think it was Prof. Holden who mentioned the fact it would be very nice if they could form a circuit in a few counties, so that the speakers could be of more benefit to the people, and the reason that he brought that mat- ter out was, because the day before he was to be with us he was at Clarinda, in Page County. Our institute that year was held in Parkersburg, Butler county; he had quite a distance to travel, but he was with us nevertheless and did a great deal of good, and the next year we followed his advice and formed a tri- cdunty institute organization, consisting of Butler, Bremer and Chickasaw counties, and since that time we have held three insti- 8IXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 57 tutes in one week and have been very fortunate in getting out- side help and have had good meetings. We have had such men with us as Prof. Marston, Hon. John Cownie, Prof. Holden Mr. Wilson, and a great many others. Also we were to have torms with us. last year. We did have Storms, but it wasn't A. B. We had our meeting in February last year, a^-d the en- tire week was stormy ; but some of my brothers will tell you that the largest howl was that people could not be accommodated that night, and 200 people could not get into the institute. I think these small institute circuits are all right ; I wouldn't favor large ■circuits covering one-fourth of the state. Mr. Steen : Inasmuch as I have read a paper, advocating new thoughts and inasmuch as some have tried to assail the thoughts I tried to introduce, I beg your indulgence. I am sorry that gentlemen on this floor have used such words as "won't" ; they said that idea has been tried and found wanting and it is bad, and that the people of Iowa luon't have it. No one on this side of the argument has sought to say that you shall have it. We have tried at least to be frank and fair, and charitable, and we have simply asked for a little more system and management, and not that you shall have such a program at such a time and' place. Now, let me tell these gentlemen, that we lived in the 19th century, and we said we zi'onff: and now we live in the 20th cen- tury, and we are making progress ; we are not content with pres- ent progress ; we must have larger progress ; we must have larger progress. We must not sit down in our little county and say, we have splendid progress. Now, if by a little bit of management and infusion a system of some sort we can supplement that by larger efficiency, why not? I will tell you, as I stand on this floor, I was present when the institute law of Iowa was born. There were five men in that house who said, we must have some institute law, because the majority were farmers. I am not con- tent with present conditions. Let us see if we cannot do a lit- tle more along the lines of Iowa farming; let us see if we cannot get such men as sit on that front row of chairs to talk tO' us with- out somebody saying we are trying to get our hands on that $75. I want to say, I am proud to stand here and say that I own an Iowa farm. No man on this floor shall say we have not at heart 58 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the true interest of the Iowa farmer. I want to say, these ideas ought to have died with the other century and that we are now looming up with larger possibilities. It is not possible for you to confine yourselves merely to county lines. I know what I am talking about. We have already saved much wear and labor for the local organization, and we are receiving compensation along the line we are establishing. Mr. Wing: I have done a little work in eleven states. You know you men have got the right way here, with a little modifica- tion. It is a hundred times better for you men to get up an insti- tute than to let some central man do it. In New York state they had that very thing. The New York people are bright and nice fellows. The local fellows say, they are going to sent us an insti- tute after a while. When you go to work and dig out an insti- tute yourselves, you relish it ; it does you good. But Heavens, it does seem to me there is a middle ground. Why it would give me joy to spend a week or two weeks with you. You know the hardest thing on earth is to go to a meeting somewhere, and then go and sit in a hotel a few days and wait for another. It is true you have got lots of good men in your state. A local man, if you can get him on his legs to talk, is a valuable man. I was thinking about some men I knew. There is Van Alstine of New York, a great big hearted fellow ; one of the best dairy teachers in the country; he worked his way right up from the ground. You could get Van Alstine ; it might cost you maybe $50 a week. I could go over the list of fellows from Ohio, Nebraska and all over; men whom you all know; they could come for a month; but they coudn't come for a day. Don't you know, boys, all I have got, I got from coming in contact with some other man and things. I remember when I was a child I heard a lecturer ; he gave me a new contact, new im- pulses ; I dreamed a dream ; I got a new idea as to what a man might be — that man didn't grow in my barn yard, or my neigh- bor's either. I believe it does help to get the very best men you can get, if you can just arrange it ; you can have a succession of counties lying close together, and then sort oi agree on some men you may desire to have. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 59 A Member: It has occurred to me while Mr, Wing was speaking, although we seemed so far apart, in the discussion this afternoon, while some think they don't want the power of fixing and arranging of institutes to go to a central authority, yet I be- lieve, all that is asked for, is for a co-operation in fixing dates for the counties. There isn't much between us after all. (Editor's Note.) *It IS very evident from the discussion foUowine: Mr. Steen's paper on the "Value of Circuit Organization and Co-Operation of the Iowa Institutes" that the thought which we wished to convey was not understood by all. We take it that Mr. Stein desired to bring out the benefits to be derived in holding a yearly meeting of the several institute officers in the different sections of the state for the purpose of exchanging ideas and plans for conducting the most successful in- stitutes, and incidentally to try and arrange the dates in the several adjoining counties that some speaker of national reputation could be secured at a greatly reduced expense. While it is true that some of the older and more permanently established institutes have little trouble in securing outside help they should not be selfish and unwill- ing to assist in whatever way they can others who are not so fortun- ate. It is not necessary (nor is it suggested in his paper, that the present institute law be either amended or added to) to bring about a meeting of institute ofiicers in the different sections of the state. This idea is followed out in nearly all lines of business; bankers holding district meetings for the purpose of discussing the banking business, and implement, grain dealers, farmers co-operative associations, fair associations and many others hold meetings to discuss their several different lines of work, and why not similar meetings of your institute officers? If you cannot gain greater knowledge by mingling with your fellow men and co-workers you may at least be able to impart to them thoughts which will assist them in doing more efficient work.— Editor. The President: We will now have five minute talks by delegates on the following topics : (a) Plan of organization, (b) How dates and location of institutes are settled, (c) When dates and location for hold- ing institutes are settled, (d) Number of meetings held, (e) Amount of money spent. (f) Number of outside speakers employed, (g) By whom are your programs made up? (h) Do you have a woman's session, and do you invite the wives and daughters to attend? (i) Do you make any special effort to reach the boys in the arrangement of your program? 60 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Mills, of Story County: I think that the matter of getting outside speakers is a fine thing, from the fact that they are interested in the subject. A good many farmers are not ac- customed to speaking in ptibHc. When you can't get them to introduce a subject, I think by getting outside speakers Hke Mr. King, Mr. Curtis, Mr. Densmore and others, to read a short paper, it introduces the subject and the farmers will get up and ask questions, and the first thing you know you have the whole house interested. I think the outside speakers should be assigned subjects by the local organization, which knows what they want there, and not let an outside organization make up a program and send it to us and make us work by that program. Mr. Roy West, of Polk County : I have prepared a brief plan for organization and will present it now. In the first place, a ■dozen or so of our farmers met and proposed to form an insti- tute ; we discussed the c|uestion between ourselves as to the good it would do and decided to perfect an organization, which we named the Polk County Farmer's Institute, composed of not less than forty members who shall be directly or indirectly engaged in argicultural pursuits, and none other are admitted to active membership. I will say, at present, we have a membership of 184 paid up members, for which we charge the small fee of 25 cents. The offices of our organization consist of a President, Secre- tary and Treasurer, and three members, who^ shall constitute the executive board — one from our local members at Boudurant, one from Ankeny and one from Grimes. All officers are elected at the last meeting in December of each year. We have three locations in Polk County to hold our institute meetings, and elect one member of the executive board from each point, so as to have an active chairman to call previous meetings, in regard to fixing dates, electing committee on program, finance committee and committees on the different exhibits, and all necessary arrangements for speakers. Now, in regard to the amount of money spent, will say, that last year we spent close to $100 at Bondurant. We gave $86 in prizes at Bondurant; $65 in prizes at Ankeny, and $31 at Grimes. Of course, there are other expenses to be met, such as hall rents SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 61 and fees to speakers, etc. We employed six outside speakers last year. Our programs are made up by the program committee, elected from the members of the institute at one of our previous meetings before the regular session, which we generally hold a month or so before that time. I would like to say a word of praise and appreciation to our Iowa State College at Ames for their help. We have called upon them and have had the great pleasure of having Prof. Bousky on the Dairy and Butter question ; also Professors Gay and Dinsmore on corn, and Prof Chas. Reinbott on Seed Corn, after which they judged their respective classes. We also had Prof. Todd of Atlantic give us a talk and he judged our poultry for us. Now, these talks and lectures were followed up by spirited discussions and were very interesting and of general benefit to all. We always have a woman's session ; generally a half day or so, on some topic, in regard tO' home life and domestic economy. Last year we gave prizes to the boys and girls whoi wrote the best essays on the advantages of living on the farm. The object of our organization is tO' unite the farmers to assist each other in fostering and protecting their interests, and by the exchange of ideas, and the discussion of questions, educate our- selves in the most improved methods of agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry in all important phases ; and to increase our efficiency in domestic economy, home life and good citizenship. Mr. Thatcher, of Page County: ■ I simply want to say, that the greatest trouble we have had, was to get the crowd out. I find as time goes on, there is a little rivalry springs up. Our programs and dates are fixed by the executive committee. Last year we held our institute at Shenandoah ; we had a corn show in conection with it, and also a stock judging school. We had three outside speakers from Ames, and Mr. Atkinson of the Home- stead. It cost us about $261, I believe, in money, and about $140 in implements. The way we did this, we started out with a subscription paper. As to getting the boys interested — well, I am on this subject like I am on the liquor question; they will drink until they are dead. We gave some premiums amounting to about $30 to the boys. Almost all of the boys over the county 62 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. came in with their corn. We arranged the premium list so that nearly all the boys got something. Of course, we couldn't get along very well without the ladies' session ; that comes the last day. The President : We have with us today -the first lady dele- gate that has ever attended a farmers institute here. Mrs. Hurl- but of O'Brien county. We would like to hear from her. Mrs. Hurlbut : I want to say to you right here, that I didn't expect to be with you in this session. Our delegate was Mr. Zimmerman, of Sanborn. He was taken sick with rheumatism. He wasn't taken sick quite soon enough, because he didn't give me time to get ready. I may perhaps tell you how we organized our woman's ses- sion. Of course, we got off by ourselves in the court house; we didn't want any of the men folks around at all ; we were afraid of criticism. We elected a president — we call them vice-presi- dents — for different parts of the county. We elected one in the southeast, one in the southwest, one in the northwest and one in the northeast. We had those presidents send in to the secretary the names of people whom they thought were capable of doing the work we wanted done. Mr. Wing : Did you give every woman an office? Mrs. Hurlbut: We tried to. By the way, we had Mrs. Squires, from Spencer with us. I think the Secretary is acquainted with the lady. She did our work of organization. As to the dates of our institute, I will have to tell you how we do that. We generally decide on a day we would like; then we try to get our outside help, and if we cannot get them on those dates, we change them, regardless of moon-light nights or any- thing else. I will say, our dates for this year are the 7th, 8th and 9th of February; subject to change, however. We encourage local talent as much as we can, for two differ- ent reasons. We realize, if we do not encourage local talent, we will be embarassed financially. We prefer to have such local tal- ent as we can, in order to bring out all the material possible in the neighborhood. We will have a woman's session this year again. Last year was our first. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 63 A Member : On what day of the program do you have the woman's session? Mrs. Hurlbut : They gave us the choice. I don't know how it will be this year. By all means, we invite the wives and daughters to attend. We make a special effort to reach the boys, and the girls too. Our institute was more like a fair last year. We had premiums offered for cake baking and sewing. I will have to tell you about the way we get our premiums. These vice-presidents, canvass their part of the county, to see what the store-keepers and bankers, or any one who was willing to subscribe or donate would give us. We had dishes, a set of iurs and all such things as that. I think one lady gave a pair of Plymouth Rock chickens. Everything, in fact, was acceptable; we had just a little money donated to us. Mr. Wing : At the woman's session, were they all ladies who spoke ? Mrs. Hurlbut : Yes, sir. Mr. Wing: The men were allowed to come in, were they? Mrs. Hurlbut : If there was room, the men were allowed to come in. I think I have told all I know, and perhaps more too. Mr. Steen : I know that you are tired; I want just a few minutes in reference tO' the woman's session. I live in Muscatine county. We have had farmers' institutes doing work there for 14 years. At a very early session of the institute in that county, there was organized at that time a Floricultural Society at West Liberty and the surrounding country. This society prospered and has grown in wonderful proportions. They have their regu- lar discussions about flowers and all those topics along the lines of woman's work. Now then, as that society has grown, and the farmers institute meets from year to year, the institute regards that Floricultural Society as its offspring. They send us every year a lady to talk to us about flowers in the home. Along that same line, the farmers institute turns over to the Floricultural Society one evening session. We tell them to make up their ses- sion as they please, and we pay the bill. We asked Prof. McBride to come down from Iowa City to talk to us about flowers and home adornment. I believe, in some sort of a measure the Mus- 64 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. catine Institute has made this matter of a woman's session practical ; I believe we must not neglect it. Mr. Foster, of Monroe County: We organized an insti- tute three years ago. We had no place to meet, so we hired a hall ; that hall wouldn't begin to hold the people. We organized by electing a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer and an executive committee. Unfortunately I was the president, The executive committee got up a program, and in connectioo with that, I want to say, we have agricultural papers, bulletins of every kind, and literature, that is full of information. The reading farmer, if he is so disposed, can get up a very intelligent paper. Our program covered the different topics ; we had essays. and prizes. We solicited from the merchants. It was a grand success. The second year we couldn't get the court house. I stood in pretty well with two' of the members. I told them this place be- longed tO' the public, the tax-payers built it, and that they had a ladies' rest room for the ladies especially; that we were com- pelled to come and pay our taxes, attend court, and so on. I offered to pay the janitor fees and expenses. We went there. The courthouse wouldn't hold the crowd. We had essays and- declamations.- Penn College gave a pre- mium of one term tuition for the best essay. Albia high school gave a premium; the merchants gave premiums. In that con- nection, I want to say, we reserved the right to sell the corn. We had an auctioneer to sell it. Ten ears of corn sold for $♦. We hired our large opera house, but that wouldn't begin to hold the crowds. We charged ten cents admission. Of course, nobody will stop on ten cents admission. Why, the boys and girls there just beat everything I ever heard of. I want to say, being the treasurer, that we have between $70 and $80 in the treasury. Along the line of talent, we made arrangements for Prof. Holden to come down. He sent a substitute. We appreciated his talk on corn; it did us lots of good. I think the Central organization perhaps will be all right. I think we have men down there that will get up a program that will suit our people pretty well. If we haven't outside speak- SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 65 ers we go over the county and say to^ the men, "See here, you must come." We want harmony in institute work. We had one man from Mahaska county come over there and read a paper. He ad- vocated the Jersey cow gave richer milk and more butter. Of course we didn't agree with him ; but then we had lots of fun. We have principally short horns down there. ]\Irs. Hillis : I am going to make an appeal to the Farmers' Institute for our education in the home and for the children. I think I can say something in regard to circuit work and how speakers are accommodated, as well as travelers. Last year and year before last, it was my pleasure tO' visit a dozen or more of the institutes. I know something of the pleasure Air. Wing spoke about, sitting at the hotel all day. But do you men know how hungry the women are for woman's work ? They are simply thirsting for it. I know it from experience and letters I receive. They don't want tO' study only the flowers. It is a beautiful thing to discuss them. But the great- est problem of the farm has not been mentioned here today, the children. If the same intelligent care is given in the production of the child, both before and after its birth, in the bringing up that is given to the breeding of lambs and corn, then we will do a great work. As our other friend said, we live in the 20th century., when the opportunities for boys are getting so different, and it seems to me we want to emphasize the dignity along agricultural lines and have something attractive all the year around, which will make farm life attractive. So I want to add a word in favoT of a woman's department; call your women out and get them to work. Let them meet every two weeks, and then next summer we will make the great State Agricultural Fair the central dumping ground for all the ideas gathered up for the year. The only fault of this meeting today is that you haven't brought your wives along. Do try next year to so enthuse the woman's department that you will have 40 or 50 women delegates to the State meeting. A Member from Dickinson County. I cannot make a speech in public. I would like to say a few words to emphasize this truth, that we are neglecting to a great extent too much the most im- portant part of our existence, these boys and girls. They are the 66 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. most important crop we raise on the farm. The matter of this woman's session of our institutes, I am sorry we haven't more time to discuss. We have had that in the last two sessions in Dickinson county. We hope to continue it. I cannot say. half what I would like to; I forget when I get up to speak. But let us all remember, that in the years' work to come, to give our boys and girls the very best of opportunities. If we fail ro raise a fam- ily which will make its mark in the world, we may conclude that our lives have been a failure. H. C. Wallace : There is a gentleman in this audience who has organized 600 boys and 500 girls. I don't think you can hear from anybody with more profit, than Mr. Miller from Keokuk county. Mr. Miller: I would like to talk to you, but I fear very much, if I once get started, I will be unable to cjuit. I appreciate this great honor. I am deeply interested in the boys and girls. I have realized for a long time that the farmers do not do- as much for the boys and girls as they perhaps should. When I was a boy I used to think there surely ought to be some things to brighten this life, and when that old freight train used to go by, I used to wonder if I would ever get a chance to ride on it, and what in the world it was that made it go, whether I could ever investigate that thing to see what it was made of. It has been my great pleasure to get hundreds of boys and girls and to get on that train, and go where they have the beautiful green grasei, where they teach the boys how to farm, and where they teach girls how to sew and cook, and things that they have to do. I got to thinking about these things in connection with my school work. I was looking through the Code one day, and I saw there a pro- vision for the farmers' institute. I discovered this while I was looking for some school law. I saw it would be posible for us to get $75 to run a farmer's institute; so we planned one. If it hasn't done any other good, it has started the boys and girls to doing things along agricultural lines. If you will look in the last Year Book from Washington, D. C, you will find there a whole page devoted to what our boys and girls have been doing. A man told me today he didn't believe in agricultural train- ing; he believed in nature study ; nature study as it has been taught SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 67 in the past. We have been having our boys and girls write about pea-nuts, pumpkins, and things they know about. If there is any- thing detestable in our school system, it is to write about "success in life," "character building" and other such subjects. Here a while back a large crowd of people gathered to listen to the boys and girls on the subject of plants, and as these boys and girls came to the platform and gave those compositions before the audience, and after the judges decided the contest. Joe Trigg who was sit- ting back there, he got up and said, that he had been a teacher at one time, and for a considerable time, and whenever the time came that a girl nine or ten years of age, can come upon the plat- form, and grow eloquent in telling about a cabbage, that then there was something added to our school system; the study of a plant and writing about it. There is a natural order in the develop- ment of a plant, which, if a child writes about it, teaches and in- structs it. To write about life and character, they don't know where to begin. But you ask it to write about a pumpkin and when the task is done, the mind will have developed some. One reason why agriculture ought to be connected with school life, it doesn't require a text-book; there is not required a large list of difficult and technical names-. Another reason is, it fur- nishes its own laboratory. When a boy sees a bird flying through the air, and he gets his rubber gun and shoots it, and when that bird strikes the ground with a flop, that is what suits him ; he does not want to hurt it. When he puts a can on a dog's tail, he doesn't do it because he wants to injure the dog; it is because he wants to be doing something. The father comes around and says.. ''John quit pulling that cat's tail." The boy will say, "I am not pulling; I am simply holding on." When all that performance is going on, it isn't because he owes any man any ill will. He sets a pin for his best boy friend at school ; yet he has no ill will for him, but because he wants to do something ; he wants to see the boy jump. Teachers make a great mistake thinking the boy has an ill will. If you can furnish that boy a laboratory, instead of his pulling the cat's tail he will apply his energy in that direction and something valuable is added to our school system. I would like to talk to you people a long while, but they call me a crank all over this country. We have got the boys and girls 68 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to spell again. I have prepared a list of one thousand words and we have spelling schools galore. I will tell you, I woud rather be called a spelling crank than most any other kind. The President of the Iowa State Normal 1 School came to me one year and said : "That spelling down there is one of the best things that ever happened." Not long ago we were able to receive a sack of Yellow Dent corn for our institute members ; they are now bringing it to town- ship exhibitions. We have township exhibtions. We had Miss Hull make a talk for us and we charged admission ; we came out ahead. We are now working to have a big county exposition. I really didn't come up here to make a talk; I came up here trying to get somebody to help us in that exposition. The thing is started and on its feet. Not very long since I listened to a sermon of the presiding elder of a Methodist church. As it happened, on going home to din- ner I met the minister. I had met him before and in the course of our conversation he said : "Young man, did you ever stop to think, when you teach boys and girls, when you' are having them plant corn and seeds and write about them, that you do things according to God's plan ; you certainly are, and that is the reason I am in favor of the things you have been doing." In addition to that, he said he was carrying in his pocket a considerable time one of these Ames ears of corn. That just made me feel like the fellow who had been going to see his girl for six years and he didn't have the courage to ask her to marry him. Finally he got to that degree where he had the necessary courage to ask her. She said "John, I would be glad to have you." It was a beautiful night ; he didn't even stop to caress her, but opened the door and slam- med it shut, and as he was going along in the heighth of his in- toxication, he looked upward and said : "O Lord, I aint got noth- ing against nobody." That is just the way I felt after hearing some of these people tell me these things. I would like to talk to you longer, but I cannot take your time. I thank you. Mr. Wing : I would like to say a word. I was extermely in- terested in this talk, and I know it is the very best thing. In the early days, when the boys came out on these prairies, they were heroes. What about the boys today ? Now you are going to be SIXTH ANNUAL TEAR BOOK — PART I. 69 well off, and now is the dangerous time for the boy. He has comparatively an easy time; but that boy will degenerate unless you teach him higher things ; get closer down to the real truth, so he may know something about the ways of God. I don't like to be away from home. This is awful hard work. By the way, I am not doing any of it this winter. I expect you will wonder why I do it. I went out just for a little while in Ohio; I got heartily sick of it. I struck a little town, and the chairman, when it came time to open the meeting, no one was there, asked me xyhat to do. I told him to open the meeting He says, "The Audience will come forward and we will open the meeting with a song." Well, after a while we got along pretty well. When the second day came I was awful tired. It seemed to me a farce. I hadn't met the people very much ; I had told them how to grow clover in clay soil and after a while make it rich ; how to plow the land up, and so on. The second night, some of the ladies came to me and said : "^h Wing, why don't you come to our oyster supper ; you can come over there and eat to the glory of God." I went over there and they sat me down to a special table. Finally after some conversation, I made the remark, "I wish you women would tell me why you come to the institute." They looked surprised- "don't you want us to come?" I love to talk to ladies. But I said, "What is it to you to listen to talks about cows, and steers and hogs?" They were silent for a little while ; then a little black-eyed woman said : "Maybe I can tell you; my husband and I lived in the city until a few years ago, and his health broke down;we came to the country and bought a little farm; we are very much in debt; but we sat and listened to every word that was said in this meeting; now we are going home; we are just beginning to get hold, we just feel so much confidence that we are going to get on." The President after calling the attention of the meeting to the joint session of the Park and Forestry Association, Horticultural Society and the State Farmers' Institute in the rooms of the Horticultural Society at 8 o'clock P. M., declared the meeting adjourned until 9 :30 o'clock A.M. Wednesday, December 13. ,70 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PROCEEDINGS Of 1905 STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION and CONCLUSION OF STATE FARMERS* INSTITUTE MEETING. Wednesday morning, DecQmher 13. The State Agricultural Convention convened in the rooms of the Degartment of Agriculture ot 9:30 o'clock a. m., with its president, W. W. Morrow, in the chair. Meeting called to order and on motion the President v^as di- rected to appoint a committee of three on credentials and a com- mittee of three on resolutions. The President appointed as said committees the following named delegates : Committee on Credentials: O. A. Olson, Winnebago county; C. W. Hoffman, Decatur county; Fred McCulloch, Iowa county. Committee on Resolutions: H. P. Hancock, Fayette county; J. F. Morris, Sioiix county; R. W. Cassady, Monona county. The President : The first on our program this morning will , be, ''Benefits derived from the Show ring; by Exhibitors; by iVisitors"; by Prof. C. F. Curtiss. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 71 BENEFITS DERIVED FROM THE SHOW RING; BY EXHIBITORS; BY VISITORS. C. F. CURTISS, AMES, lA. Mr. Chairman an'cl Gentlemen of the Convention: The subject assigned me as stated by your president, is one that naturally is of a good deal of concern to people who are connected with fair management, and people who are connected with the agricultural and the industrial interests of the state. I need not say that I believe in fairs and in the educational influence of fairs, and I believe in educational work and that there is no lesson stronger than an object lesson. That has been clearly demonstrated, there is no way by which a lesson can be pre- sented to young men or old in such a forcible, such a lasting and such an impressive way as by the object method. And that is the method of the fair. The fair presents its lessons, its truths, by the object method in such a way that they appeal to the mind and to the judg- ment. Consequently the principle upon which the educational work of the fair is based is a sound one, and so recognized by the best educators. Now the fair reaches a large number of people that probably could not be reached b5' any other educational method. Fairs have come to be regarded as the great educators along agricultural lines, and I wish to say in that connection that I do not think there is any fair that reaches as many people from the farms or the agricultural community as this fair, I believe that is generally conceded. There are other fairs that have larger gate receipts on the ground of advantages which they- possess, but I do not think there is a single fair on this continent that reaches as many people from the farm as the Iowa State Fair. I believe that it is a fair which appeals more strongly to the people and draws more largely from the classes of people that it is intended to benefit, than anj- other fair we have. The benefits to the visitors are in the way of object lessons and in the way of establishing standards, and of giving judgment bj' compari- son. Now one of the first things essential to success, in the creation •f products of any kind, is the right kind of a standard. That is par- ticularly true in agricultural products. It is true with reference to live stock, with reference to grain and with reference to fruit. It is true in all educational work. The man must first have a right conception of the object to be attained and the standard to be attained, or he will not succeed. The fair is of advantage in bringing together the best representatives of models, in establishing standards of excellence, and the best products are brought together for competition, and in this com- ' petition the best standards are given preference, so that there is a standard of excellence established in competition at the fair that is a starting point, a basis, and a fundamental essential fact for improve- ment. If a man's standards are wrong, if his conceptions of what con- 72 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. stitute a higli type of product of any kind are wrong, certainly lie is not going to attain a Mgh degree of excellence. The fair then is of great advantage to the visitors in that respect. Now the fairs have been improved largely in making the educational feature more prominent. The stock pavilion over here, and the new hor- ticultural and agricultural building, have been a great benefit in that line, they have enabled visitors to see exhibits under much more favor- able circumstances. The bringing of live stock exhibits in one large Coliseum building, with comfortable seating capacity, wit hcatalogues giving information and with catalogue numbers displayed on the at- tendants, enables people to get the information they want about the ex- hibits before them, and to see the animals brought before them for com- parison. It is very essential I think that we make the most out of these educational features of the fair. This principle of comparison, of es- tablishing standards, is one upon which sucessful work of all kind must be based. It is related, and accurately T believe, that in the earlj^ days of the life of John Ruskin, the great artist, his father, whose business I'equired him to travel extensively, took the boy with him on trips to foreign countries, and he often visited great art gallaries, and in order that the boy might have nothing but the highest ideals put before him the father often pre- ceded him into rooms of the gallaries and took pains that he see only pictures and works of art of the highest standard. That is the way with the boy who is brought to the state fair ground where the highest products of live stock, grain, implements and all other devices calcu- lated to advance the agricultural interests are brought together. It is the place where the highest types and standards are displayed, so that the educational influence being extended in this way by the object lesson method is very large indeed, it is one which cannot be calculated in its influence for good in reaching young men and oid men. It presents the latest method, the latest improvements in agricultural work. Then the benefits to the exhibitors are numerous. It is generally con- ceded that there are no better means of advertising than the bringing of products upon the state fair ground in competition with those who are engaged in similar work, and before those who are interested in these products. In many instances the exhibitor does not find exhibiting pro- fitable so far as the actual returns are concerned in the way of premiums. In many instances the premiums will hardly compensate for the expense incurred. There is a great expense in preparing products, particularly live stock) for the fairs. A man needs to begin a year in advance, as soon as one fair is over almost he needs to begin preparation for the next fair, and there is a large outlay in preparing these products. Then the returns in the way of premiums will not compensate for this, but the returns that come to a man in the way of establishing a reputation, and establishing the merits of his stock are very much greater than any returns which come through other lines. The man who establishes a reputation for his products attains a name as a producer of high class products, has in a measure added to his working capital, and that is in SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 73 many cases a very large advantage. If a man establishes that reputa- tion, and then suports it and backs it up by a reputation of absolute honesty and square dealing, he has an essential basis for successful work in the prodution of his product, whatever those maj- be, whether they be agricultural products, implements or machinery. Those things are essential to sucess, and in this connection it is proper to say that I be- lieve it is the general and almost universal verdict that there is no lalr equal to the Iowa State Fair, as a place for advertising and selling goods. Men who make it a business to follow the fair circuits throughout the season, going on rounds of the various state and district fairs, tell me that there is no place that compares with the Iowa State Fair ground as a place for extending their business; that there are more customers that attend the Iowa State Fair than any other fair they attend, and I be- lieve that is in line and conforms with the statement that the fair here is attended more largely by people who are actually engaged in farm- ing and that sort of work, than any other fair we have. They are the customers these men desire to reach, and that is one of the features of the Iowa State Fair. It is a fair which attracts the people in the largest numbers and which attracts exhibitors in the largest numbers because of the fact that they reach a constituency that is worth more to them than the constituency of any other fair. So that these two principals operate together. There are a great many other benefits and lessons to be derived from the fair. The fair is a good place to reveal, as well as to develop char- acter. In many instances, it is worth a good deal to the exhibitor to get into competition with his rival; it is worth a good deal to know how his product compares with the other man's product; it is worth a good deal in the way of discipline. There are some men who are good winners and poor losers. Those men as a rule make poor exhibitors. The man who is cool and complacent to take defeat successfully, and take it without com- plaint, is the man who gets there. He may not always get just decisions, sometimes there are conditions which make it difiicult for a judge to determine just what is the proper rating of the products before him. But I believe it is generally conceded that the judgments rendered by the various awarding committees at the fair is greatly improved, and that in the main the awarding is done intelligently and honestly. There will of course be instances where the judgment of even the most competent men will differ, where the judgment of the exhibitor will differ from that of the man who is placing the award. That cannot be avoided. But the man who is broad and liberal in his views, who is willing to ex- tend the broad liberal spirit to the judgment of other men, is the man who gets the best as a fair exhibitor. There are places where the cir- cumstances are trying of course, but this is an important feature of the work. Men who go out as exhibitors, or who go to a single fair as an exhibitor, have a good deal to learn, and the public has a good deal to learn, and the man who passes upon these awards has a good deal to learn. It is all a great educational work. And the benefits to be derived from it, in the way of education of the public, and especially of the 74 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. younger men who are growing up in this worlv, are beyond computation. They extend out into the state in every community. You can hardly go into any community in the state where you cannot trace some direct im- provement as the result of ideas or suggestions that have been gathered at state fairs and at county and district fairs. The British Islands have the reputation the world over for produc- ing more high class live stock than any other place in the world; in fact most all the best classes have produced there and they have been dis- tributed over the globe. Those people have made a careful technical study of the improvement in these lines. It has been said that Great Britain is a land of fairs and shows, starting early in the season, from May to December there is a continuous round of local and district fairs and shows. I think there is no question but that a large part of the result obtained in that line is due to these shows that they maintain. The men go there with splendid spirit, they go there with their pro- ducts, and put forth the most intelligent efforts they can possibly bestow in order to win, but if they do not win they are willing to concede the rights of others, and they go home determined to improve and they come back stronger next time. And those fairs distributed as they are through- out the land from one seasons end to another almost, have been a great educational factor. So it is in our own state. County fairs are destined to play a much more important part in our agricultural conditions each year. And as we improve our State Fair standard, we are also helping to improve the county and local fairs. The President; The next on the program will be an address on "How can our foreign markets for beef and pork be incrca^- ed by Hon. W. A. Harris of Chicago. HOW CAN OUR FOREIGN MARKETS FOR BEEF AND PORK BE IN- CREASED . W. A. Harris, Chicago, III. Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: When I received the very kind invi- tation of your Chairman to address you on this subject, I hestitated. There are a great many questions that have to be touched upon in such a discussion that made me pause somewhat, and consider whether or not I could present them to you in a way that would not excite an improper attitude. I desire to occupy the position myself of looking at this mat- ter as a great business question, which confronts the livestock interests of the United States. I believe most earnestly, that we are face to face with a stituation such as we have never dreamed of in this country. I did not desire therefore to run counter to anything in the nature of pre- judice, of party feeling, because a proper discussion of this question involves a discussion of great national policy. It involves a discussion SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 75 of subjects wliich to some men have become a sort of fetich, a super- stition, to which they bow down and venerate regardless of its logical and true effect. But I thought that this great State of Iowa had people who are composed of a different timber, that I would meet here men from the farms, from the feed lots, who are vitally interested in the discussion of this great question. And as I represented the American Live Stock Association, and the Shorthorn Breeders Association, it was my duty to come here representing those organizations, which cover the great field of live stock all over this country and tell you what I believe to be the absolute, actual facts. At the time I received the invitation it so happened that I had been reading an account of the conquest of the wonderful region which lies between the Alleghany Mountains and the Mississippi River, the period between, 1785 and 1800 was one I thought which covered the most romatic period of the history of this Nation. First the Colonists and the English together had fought the French and the Indians, for the pos- session of this great region; then the French and the Colonists together "fought the English and the Indian combined for the occupancy of this great region, and at last, as we know, it became a part of the great new Confederacy that had sprung into life along the Atlantic Coast. Their domination extended as far as the Mississippi River, first France and then Spain covered with their colors the region which you now occupy, clear down on the west bank to the mouth of the Mississippi river, and a part of it on the east side. The strong, vigorous men who had gone through with this terrific conflict, and had finally settled the Valley ot the Ohio, in the regions of Kentucky, Tennessee, Southern Ohio and Indiana, thought they had found a new Eden. It was a wonderful con- trast to the country they had left east of the mountains and they went to work vigorously, and began to develop the agricultural resources, corn, tobacco, hogs and everything of that kind were produced, but all at once their efforts seemed to be paralyzed. Spain dominating the mouth of the Mississipi river, denied them the free navigation of the Mississippi. They could not find a market for their products. Spain imposed an excise tax of 50 to 75 per cent ad valorem, for everything pass- ing out of the Mississippi river, and they found their products practi- cally destroyed, and at the same time the value of the land which had cost so much blood was being absolutely wiped out. There was tremen- dous indignation. They blamed the National Government for not protecting their interests, and they actually talked about organizing a new and separate government, but finally with the wisdom and far-seeing sagacity of Mr. Jefferson, with the enterprise and energy of Mr. Monroe, who was seconding the effects and aim of Mr. Robert Livingstone, all com- bining with the necessities of the First Counsel, then controlling the destiny of France, we succeeded in acquiring the great country known as the Louisiana Purchase, and with it the free and unmolested navigation of the Mississippi river. That was the first road to the market of this great country you occupy, and it was the first great question, which 76 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, perplexed the people occupying — not this region, because nothing but the Indians were here — but this great central valley of ours in its great progress tow'ards Empire, they were first met by the great problem of the market and how to reach the market and how to avoid unjust taxation. This question therefore that you bring up to-day is over a hundred years old, as applied to this country. I can remember the first time I came west on a visit as a boy, seeing little packing houses along the Mississippi river, hogs were driven from the interior and delivered to those packing houses at two cents and less a pound. The Mississippi river was the only outlet, and it failed to answer the purpose. Then came the great era of railroad construction and afterwards of railroad consolidation, until finally we have great single corporations controlling the roads from the extreme west to the extreme east. That has bettered the condition, that has helped, that has enabled you to go on and pros- per, and still there is something lacking. The question of transporation is one which we have had to fight all through the west. It is I believe about to reach a satisfactory solution. We cannot deny that we are de- pendent upon these great railroad corporations for everything that is in- volved in civilization. Our very existence has been rendered possible by the railroads of this country. No man in all of this broad country has a higher admiration for railroads as a great civilizing agency than I have I believe that the locomotive engine, as an example of constructive genius and ability comes nearer placing man at the feet of God than al- most any other thing of which we have knowledge. But they are the highways of the public, they are not the private property of any corpora- tion, and therefore I think there has been a universal decision that their taxes, which they levy for transporation, must be controlled in the fair and just interests of all of the people. And I think that question will probably be permanently settled by the present Congress, which is now in session. The question which follows transporation of course is one of free, open and competitive markets. There has been an immense amount of discussion, an immense amount of angry crimination and re-crimination on that subject. How far our domestic markets have been controlled un- fairly and improperly, whether or not every man has received the fair and open competition which he is entitled to, in the market; there are all questions that the public mind has been agitated about for a number of years. That question too, if there has been any just cause of com- plaint, I believe also we are just about to have fairly settled. But there is a still greater question above all of these and back of al of these, and that is, after our great domestic consumption has been supplied, where shall we place the enormous surplus which we are pro- ducing in this country. This surplus is the thing that has troubled the agricultural interests of the country from time immemorial because the price obtained for the surplus determines practically the price obtained in the domestic market, for the great mass of the production. Some fifteen years ago or so, in the hard times, which we had in Kansas, and which to some extent I think you had in Iowa, they were troubled with • SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 77 enormous corn crops which they could not dispose of, and compared with the price of coal, corn was cheaper as fuel than was coal, and it was being burned all through the western and middle part of the state. It seemed an abnormal condition of things, and Governor Charles Robinson, who was one of the ablest men Kansas ever had, was very much ex- cited, and he went around the country delivering addresses on the ques- tion of what shall we do with our corn. About the same time a very distinguished and brilliant woman was very much distressed, over the condition of the better half of humanity, and the young girls in par- ticular, and she was addressing the people of Kansas on the question of •'What shall we do with our daughters?" Some way finally suggested that both of these great problems might be solved, and gave the answer. "Let us feed our corn to our daughters." That seemed a sure way of solving the problems, but it also had a great deal of the ludicrous about it. Now there is a school of economic philosophers in this country who occupy practically the same condition and say that we must so balance manufacturers and agricultural productions, as that the agriculturalist will use up all which the manufacturers produce, and the manufacturer eat all the farmers produce, and so we will get rich trading with each other. But I do not think that can stand the test. We must have an outside market, not only for the agricultural products of this country, but for the great manufacturing interests of this country. I believe that the destiny of this Nation is to take the lead, the fact of the matter is, it has already taken the lead, so far as feeding the rest of the world is con- cerned, and it will soon take the lead in the manufacturing interests ot the world. But we cannot do it by simply swapping jack knives with each other. We have got to go outside. Let us look just for a moment at the comparative conditions of the livestock interests here and abroad. Monday morning I happened to pick up the "Livestock World", one of our reliale Livestock papers for last Saturday. Here was the first heading which struck my eye. CATTLE RECEIPTS EXCESSIVE. Big Flood of steers caused a de- ceeded 33,000 head, a circumstance cline of 25 to 40c in medium cattle, that never occurred before, for dur- Close to 93,000 cattle arrived this ing the time when the big weeks week. The record total receipts w^as were recorded in the past, one or the not broken by about 2500 head, but other of these days were comparative- there never was a week in the his- ly light. Local dealers are at a loss tory of the cattle market when the to account for this sudden bulge In supply of native beef steers was so receipts There was no logical rea- liberal. Offerings every day in the son for it except that the cattle were week were exceptionally large, show- in the country and that feeders were ing that the movement to market tired of shoveling into them high was no spasmodic accident. Both on priced corn. Monday and Wednesday receipts ex- 78 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. As I passed out of the yards I looked up at the blackboard and ther^j I saw that the receipts for Monday, day before yesterday, were 38,000 head, showing that this week again we are likely to have the same kind of a flood of cattle. As a matter of course the price must drop. I talked with some of the leading packing men there, I asked them what they were going to do, and they said "We do not know where on earth to put these cattle. If we buy them we do not know what to do wath them.'' The normal demand, as we all' know, upon Chicago, for all kinds of meat, for the export trade that we have to-day, for distribution all over, through the refrigerator plants of the great packing houses, is about 60,000 head; that they can dispose of without making any particular break in pricey. But when it runs up 50 per cent more than that, they are at a loss, what to do, as much as we are. Now then that is the condition here. That has been the condition so far as the cattle men are concerned for several years. As I listened to the very interesting talk delivered by our friend Joe Wing on the question of lamb feeding yesterday, I thought what happy fellows you sheep men are and have been for the last few year;;. The country has been educated by abandoning the old wrinkled Merino ram , and come to mutton sheep. There is no trouble about the price of mutton, because the supply fails to keep pace with the demand. But with beef and hogs it is the other way. How is it on the other side? The Nations which have big popula- tions, and which have habits similar to ours to-day are enjoying prosperity as we are. We do not need to think that in the last seven or eight years, when we have had such gi'atifying conditions, that we are the only people in the world. Prosperity, as compared with the previous decade, has ex- isted all over the world. The English, the Germans, the French and the Italians, have all felt the upward lift which has been brought about. But what? By any particular tariff schedule, by any particular local legislation? Not at all. The world has had a period of war going on ever since 1898, there have been great wars, either between us and Spain, between the English and the Boers, or later the Titanic struggle, between the Japanese and Russians. There has been an abnormal demand of everything nations could produce. At the same time there has been com- ing from the mines a flood of gold. U is a repetition of the period of 1857 when Michael Chevalier wrote his book on the flood of gold, which was saturating the world at that time. So with the unnatural demand as the result of war, with the stimulus which comes from the increase in the money of the world, we have had a tremendous advantage, but we are now face to face with peace conditions, and that is the reason wh.v we have got to consider seriously. Let me give you a statement of the livestock condition of Europe. This was prepared about a year ago by the ablest statistician on this subject I think that there is in the country. "Great Britain flocks and herds have, if anything, gone back while the population has gone ahead. The flocks and herds of Ireland have virtually been stationary for a quarter of a century. Twenty-flve years ago France had 188 head of livestock per lOOQ acres of her area. She now has 164 head, or a dead loss of 24 head per ifOO acres of the country. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK. — PART I. 79 Denmark had 197 head per 1000 acres then, and 115 head now, or a loss of 82 head per 1000 acres. Germany, a quarter of a century ago, had three time as many sheep per head of population as now. The Father- land now has fewer cattle per capita of the people than then. Holland! and Switzerland have only half as many sheep per head of population now, as they had two and a half decades ago, and Belgium only a fourtli as many. In these countries during that time the flocks of sheep alono have actually decreased from 104 million to 75 million, showing an actual loss of 28 per cent. At the same time the increase in the population wan 25 per cent, thus making the comparative loss much greater. The com bined population of Germany, France, Austria-Hungarj', Switzerland, Sweden. Denmark, Belgium and Holland, twenty-five years ago was 140 million. This human family has now increased to 173 million people or 24 per cent. Meantime the combined herds of cattle of these countries have only increased from 48 million to 58 million head, or about 20 per cent." '•The relative scarcity of meat upon the continent is readily seen by the excessively high prices paid there for all carcass meats. These prices average 100 per cent higher wholesale than similar meat sell for in the United States, and 30 to 50 per cent higher than they do in England, even in the face of the facts that labor and other continental items of .produc- tion are cheaper than either in Great Britain or United States. The growing scarcity of the worlds edible meats is produced by the two causes previously named; the faster increase of the human race in por- portion to the increase of Abattoir animals, and the improved condition of the working classes, which causes a greater per capita consumption of meats than existed two decades ago. The per capita consumption of meats in the United States has increased fully 25 per cent during the last 15 years. In Great Britain it has nearly doubled, in the same time. On the continent the demand as measured by the very high local prices of meats has largely increased, but the increased consumption has been limited by the virtual exclusion of foreign meats, and the insufficiency of domestic herds to supply the local demands. "With improved indus- trial conditions and continuing high meat tariffs or other means for excluding the surplus of other countries the masses of the continental nations, must desist from meat eating or pay exorbitant prices for this essential staff of life." That was written a year ago. Let me see now what is the actual condition to-day justifying absolutely the statements made in the article just read. This is a review of the situation in Germany as it exists now, and was brought about by a meeting, which occurred not long ago when an appeal was made by the consuming class in Germanj- for the opening of the country to foreign meat supplies. "The feature of the meeting which will perhaps justify this brief re- view of its proceedings is the definite and authoritative exhibit which v/as made of the degree to which the market value of meat producing eniirals has been increased in Germany by the influence of the meat iri- spection law. Beginning with the statement that in other European 80 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. countries the price of meats and domestic animals, are not now unusually high, the memorial goes on to declare that according to the reports of the Imperial Bureau of Statistics — certainly a conservative and unbiased authority — during the winter months of 1900, the average wholesale price of live hogs was $21.42 per 220 pounds, whereas they are now scarce and difficult to obtain at $30.94, or more than 14 cents per pound avoir- dupois. Fat oxen, which cost on an average, in the period from January to March 1900, $24 per 220 pounds, are now scarce and of inferior qual- ity at an everage cost of $32.75, or about 15 cents live weight per pound avoirdupois. Fat cattle of superior quality are still higher. Calves have likewise risen in price from $31.65 to $39.03 per 220 pounds, and lambs from $25.70 to $32.50 per centner. The memorial will be laid before the Ministry of the Interior and, if satisfactory action is not taken in the form of a ministerial decree, the subject will be brought before the Bichstag at its coming session, with a view of repealing or radically modi- fying that portion of the present meat inspection law, which regulates and restricts the importation of meat producing animals." There is the situation. On this side an enormous surplus, an enormous increase in quantity, and an improvement in quality, because we are producing better now than we ever did before. On the other side, taking Germany as an extreme illustration, but the same conditions practically apply to France, Italy, Spain, and Austria-Hungary to a certain extent, how are we to bring these two great problems together? There a de- ficiency and Here a surplus. Commence is an exchange of commodities, and it is an admitted fact that no country has prospered without commerce. We must have com- merce with all the world, the world is growing smaller every day, we have to re-adjust our relations with other nations just as we do when one locality becomes crowded each neighbor has to re-adjust his situa- tion so as not to infringe on the rights of each other neighbor. As we get crowded we must change our relations. As we get farther advanced in civilization, arts and sciences, those things which may have been ne- cessary in the infancy of the arts and sciences, cease to be necessaiy. New conditions, radical changes, frequently are absolutely necessary in order for their continuance and their prosperity. We have a theory in this country, and I most thoroughly and earnestly believed in it, because as a boy, I got my politicial impressions largely from reading the speeches of Henry Clay, the great Father of what is called the Ameri- can system of protection, and I remember well the impression which was made upon my boyish mind the eloquent appeals that he made to the pa- triotism of his fellow citizens, to endure this burden for a little while. He said it was absolutely necessary that the great mass of the con- sumers should be willing to carry a burden of higher prices, in order that our manufacturing interests might become independent of foreign domination, that they might get upon their feet. That has been the key note. And in addition to that there has been the principle underlying protection, which is that we must be willing, as a matter of self interest to see a higher scale of wages maintained, among the operatives of the SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 81 manufacturing interest of this country. It was better for all of us that we should carry that load collectively, and better that that condition should prevail. Now that is a proposition that I think the whole American peo- ple are to-day willing to accept, Democrats, Republicans and all. It is a great mis-use of words to use the word "Free trade" as applied to any political party in this country. There is no such party. No party Has ever advocated it. The Democratic pai'ty practically whenever it has had an opportunity has recognized the necessity for discrimination in lay- ing taxes for the purpose of protection. The Republican party of course has been committed, as a cardinal principle of its existence to the main- tenance of the differential between the cost of this product in this country and abroad. Now let us consider this proposition. We are all protection- ists; then what? Shall we continue the same conditions which existed in the past, when these infants were first occupying the attention of the public and the sympathy of the public? Shall the billion dollar steel trust of to-day, which dominates the iron interests of the world have the same consideration at the hands of the public that it had when it con- sisted of a few scattered forges and foundries all over the country? Isn't there a necessity for a different consideration? And the same way with other things. But I am not in favor of hurting anybody. I am in favor of doing what Mr. Roosevelt says. I am in favor of making some of these corporations take their feet out of the trough. Now let us see. The trouble between us and Germany — I mention Germany particularly, because that is the acute point just now->«Baron Von Stern- burg came the other day with instructions from Minister Von Beulow, to endeavor to arrive at satisfactory arrangements, with the United States Government by which they could get our meats, bread stuff, etc., and by which we would be willing to take something more from them. The trouble with Germany is a very simple one, we have been selling her some- thing over 200 million dollars worth of goods and have been buying from her only about 100 million dollars worth of goods. Can any nation go on indefinitely paying 100 millions in good balance all the time? It cannot be done. There is not gold enough in the world to enable those great coun- tries to continually pay us that balance of trade. Mr. McKinley said at Buffalo that it was impossible. And even if it was possible, such a condi- tion would be good neither for us, nor for them. Commerce is an exchange of commodity. Let us see what would be the condition of Germany so far as these interests we are considering to-day, if we had some kind of re- ciprocal relations, some kind of an arrangement by which we could do business v/ith them, buy things of them, and they could buy things of us to mutual advantage. That is the kind of trade which appeals to nations. Germany imported last year 305,346 head of cattle altogether from Austria, Demark and Switzerland — a slight falling off as compared with the two previous years. Owing to the recent crop failure fodder values were so extremely high that farmers and feeders were obliged to rush their cattle to market to such an extent that to-day there are practically no native German beef cattle in the country. Our export of live cattle to Great Britian for last year amounted to 387,467 head; and while we may 82 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. not perhaps Hope to attain these figures with respect to shipments to Germany, in the event of treaty arrangements being effected, nor would we expect to supply similar quality, yet that market would easily take from 2500 to 3500 head per week, and of the quality so desirable for the American farmer and feeder to find a market for; that is to say, range cattle. Experience of those conversant with German requirements vouches for the fulfillment of this prophecy. The opening of a market like this is the only solution of the price problem. (The reason for the demand for comparatively inferior cattle in Germany is explained by the fact that the wage earner is not paid upon so high a scale as in Great Britain, and is obliged to buy quality according to his means.) And just at that point let me say that I had a conversation with one of the greatest exporters of cattle, and he said if the proper arrangement had been made with France, if the treaty of reciprocity with France which was negotiated by Mr. Kasson, had been ratified, that he would have shipped a thousand head a week of bulls to France, he would have made a speciality of that particular kind of meat, because he said the French market demands strong coarse boiling meat— ihey do not broil, they do not roast, but they boil and stew meats from one end of that Republic to the other; and he would have confined his exportations to bulls and stags, the coarsest meat in our market. So with each nation, each has its special requirements and habits in the way of meat. Were it not for the fact that during the past five years an unusual condition prevailed throughout the world (i. e. the Boer was from 1899- 1902, the Boxer trouble in China. 1900, and the Russo-Japanese War, 1902 to 1905), the great bulk of the kind of cattle referred to above could not have under any circumstances found a market in the States at any of the packing points except at ruinous prices. These disturbances made an unusual demand for canned and pickled beef, used as army supplies; and thus it was that these light -cattle went into consumption in tins and barrels. Figures from the statistical abstract — I have got them here at the end in a table, but it is not necessary to weary you with reading those — will bear out the truth of this statement. Never was the time so opportune for effecting a commercial treaty with our German friends as the present. The situation in the Empire is most critical, the country being involved in a meat famine, the porpor- tions of which have astounded the whole world; records show us that in one year 1200 horses were slaughtered alone in Berlin for food, and 79,000 were consumed, all told, in Prussia, for the same year. These horses were not young animals, but old harness ridden beasts. In prac- tically all cases discarded tramway horses. Misfortune makes us wondrous kind, and Germany in her distress prof- fers a most kindly hand, which we must not fail to grasp at this time, for out of her misfortune great benefits will come to us if we heed her. She is a mighty power, and naturally proud, and unless we treat with her in an equitable spirit she would prefer to suffer rather than be humiliated, so it behooves the United States Government to act fairly, and that just now. This is a matter of vital importance to the agricultural Interests SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 83 in every part of the United States, for without this and the other con- tinental European marliets, which invariably look to Germany as a leader in affairs of this kind and imitate her policies, the time will not be far off, when the cattle interests in this country will experience a situation never heretofore thought possible. As the table of exports of this class of products shows, Germany since 1900, has taken practically none of our canned meats. The im- ports that year represents the product suitable for canning, from over 100,000 range cattle — (equivalent to about 2000 head per week); and to what extent this canned meat trade could be developed in the German market, if the embargo could be raised, and which will be raised, if the proper co-operation of all the agricultural and allied interests can be made a certainty, and the tremendous influence which such interests can wield, could be brought to bear upon Congress to insist upon its acting as it should in this matter, would astound those unaccustomed to the possibilities of such trade. We should easily triple the business. This is not idle conjecture, but the concensus of opinions of practical busi- ness men conversant with the situation in all its details. One can plainly understand what such an increase means; just so many more cattle de- manded by the canning factories, and naturally an increased demand means increased values. It will be noticed that the table, while it shows a decided improve- ment in canned meats, during the past six years, as compared with the years 1898 and 1899, notwithstanding the fact that Germany imported but a nominal quantity during the last five years, that these increases occurred only with the countries which were directly involved in war, or which were interested in furnishing supplies to them, and therefore is not a natural increase incident to trade. This is pointed out in order that the casual investigator, who looks over the statistics, and finds a continued increase in exports during the last six years, is not misled in drawing his conclusions as to Germany's importance as a market for our canned meats. We simply must have this market. And woe betide the range cattle interests of this country, if we fail to secure it. As the table shows, Germany is a heavy buyer at the moment of our barreled beef. She takes the product suitable for the purpose or about 50,000 head of cattle annually in casks, and of the kind described as "range cattle." Now unless satisfactory conclusions are reached with her before March 1st, 1906, barreled beef as well as all other packing house products will be practically prohibited from entering the country, owing to the highly increased tariff rates to be inaugurated at that time. We must also consider Germany's imports of our pork products. There has been since 1898 a decided falling off, as the following figures will show: Their import of fresh pork in 1898 was 3,067,100 pounds; in 1904 it amounted to 149,160 pounds. Hams and shoulders, in 1898 was 9,555,700 pounds; in 1904 it amounted to 186,120 pounds. Bacon in 1898 84 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. was 57,423,070 pounds; in 1904 it amounted to 4,119,940 pounds. The total imports of all meats fell from 103,934,700 pounds in 1898 to 9,552,400 pounds in 1904. That shows the extent to which our markets are being cut off. To Italy we furnish practically nothing. France tried to get into proper relations with us. she entered into a reciprocity treaty under Mr. Mc- Kinloys auspices, which I have alluded to, negotiated by Mr. Kasson, by which she reduced duties upon our imports, into her country by 15 to 40 per cent, and we reduced the duty upon limited articles from her country on an average of about 7 per cent, from 5 to in one or two cases twenty per cent. And yet for some reason or other the Senate absolutely refused to ratify it. Special interests came to Washington, I remember it distinctly, because I made every effort possible for me to make in order to secure the ratification of these treaties. The treaty with France would have been worth 40 millions a year to the agricultural interests of this country, and it would have been the beginning of a great trade. But special interests came in, the knit goods interests of Rhode Island, al- though they are enjoying a duty of about 65 per cent said they could not stand a reduction of ten per cent. The brass jewelry manufacturers of Connecticut protesting. The cloth manufacturing insisted they could not live with a reduction of about ton per cent on their products, although there is a high protection for them. And so it brought about the re- jection of this great treaty, good for the agricultural interests, and which would have been the beginning of better things. What is the duty, what is the attitude of the livestock and agricultural interests; because our grain, v/heat and flour are as much affected, they. are to be excluded. As a matter of course we are more concerned in the finished product; we want to feed our grain to our steers and hogs ana ship the finished product; we want to grind our wheat into flour and ship nothing but flour. Those ought to be the things this country ought to foster and encourage. What is to be the attitude of you gentlemen, what are you going to do about it? A great party now in politics in this country has pledged itself over and over in favor of reciprocal arrange- ments with foreign governments. The last expression of the will of the people is to-day to be found in section 3 and 4 in the Dingley Bill. Section 3, provides for reciprocal arrangements on a few limited articles, and secretary Root is trying to-day to do the best he can with Germany under that section, but it confines him to a small number of articles of limited use. The German Governnient insists that there must be more articles added to that list. Section 4 covers all the articles men- tioned in the tariff schedules and it provides that when reciprocal con- cessions could be obtained the President of the United States was authorized to make trea,ties with foreign governments to reduce the duties described in the Dingley act by not to exceed 20 per cent. The misfor- tune was that those treaties were not to be put in force by the President alone but they must be submitted for ratification to the Senate, and there is whore the interests of the country have been crucified. One trouble was that the provision of section 4 of the Dingley bill was that SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 85 these treaties must be negotiated within two years from the passage ot the act; and a large number of them were, some 12 or 14 treaties were negotiated within the two years. But that time has expired, those treaties fell to the ground by senatorial inactivity. That section is now inopera- tive by force of the time limit, we have no power to act now under that' section. And yet here we are face to face with an exclusion by the great continental countries because we do not play a fair game, they say. Now one idea that has been in the minds of a great many of our pub- lic men for a great many years is this, that they have got to buy their bread and meat of us, and you cannot starve a nation, they will buy of ns anyhow. That is no longer true. The world has moved on. To-day the Argentine confederation is the strongest and most dangerous com- petitor that we have found for the trade with Great Britain, and they are crowding us closely. It is the greatest natural cattle country that the world ever sa\^'. It so happened that I spent four years down there as a boy, and I never will forget the impression which those magnificent pampas made upon my mind. It is the State of Illinois multiplied by 100. when you come to consider it. In the northern part of the country you can grow figs and oranges easily in the open air, and it extends in an unbroken plain to the south for 2500 miles, and it is all rich prairie land practically. Tbey are spending more money, and have been in the last ten years, then any other people on earth in order to improve their stocks of cattle. They are lavishing fortunes upon the best bulls and cattle that Great Britain can produce, and they are able to raise cattle that would astonish the American citizen. They also have enormous sheep interests. They have learned how to ship dressed beef. For a while we rested secure in the idea that they had to pass through the tropics to reach the continental market, and that they could not ship dressed beef in the chilled condition that was required; and that was a great difficulty for awhile. But they came to Chicago and took down the best experts they could get in that line of business, and they have built up packing houses there that now send in dressed beef and mutton to Liverpool and London and they are cutting our throats in the English market, to say nothing of the Continental markets. The Continental market prefers to deal with Argentine. Why? Because Argentine buys things of them, and the balance of trade is kept in a fair and even condition. Great Britain of course imposes no duty upon anything, that is upon any f(3od product at least; she considers that the policy of open doors is better for her interests. And we all meet on the same plane in Great Britain, but neverthless there is a natural tendency to trade with those who trade with us upon the fairest terms, and Great Britain would rather see the Argentine meat take possession of her markets than to see the American meat take possession of them because Argentine puts up no barrier of exclusion against English manufacturers. That is natural. Now people who examine the statistical abstract and the various re- ports of the government say our imports are increasing every year, and we cannot help but be prosperous. We exported 1,500,000,000 in round numbers we exported an enormous quantity of manufactured product. 86 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. That is all true, but as I say there has been a reason for it. We have lost trade with continental Europe, our exports to Europe have diminished our exports to South America are practically at a stand still; and but for the enormous increase of exports to the Orient we would have been way behind, and those exports are caused by conditions that are temporary in their character. I beg you indulgence while I give a little statement of the condition of our export trade generally. Those who have assumed to drag the whole country by the heels into a possible trade war with Europe, and who, — ignoring the reciprocity preventive in the Dingley law, will prob- ably point to our increase of exports for the fiscal year 1905 over 1904 as proof that our foreign trade is all right, that there are no screws loose, and that there is not a cloud on the commercial horizon portending any trouble. They will point to a total export gain of $57,700,000 for the past fiscal year, and they will assume and claim that that proves their case. Let us take all of the facts. Our gain in Asiatic trade — largely because of the Russian war-xwas $67,500,000 or nearly 10,000,000 more than our increase with the world. The trouble is that we lost in our trade to Europe 36,415,000 dollars. Our loss with Africa was 5,700,000 dollars. We had a gain in North America of $25,700,000 and in South America of $6,450,000. But for Asia we would have had to put up with a ten million dollar loss of trade with the world, and we should not over- look the fact that our increase with Asia is abnormal, and not to be re- lied upon after the war, and especially not, after Japan and China get to work to capture and control "The trade of the Orient." It is all well enough to keep our commercial eye glued to the Orient, but it is more important that we do not overlook Europe. There we find our reliable consumers and the money that keeps our surplus in motion, which in turn prevents stagnation and low prices. That there is trouble somewhere with our foreign trade is indicated by other statistics issued by the department of commerce for the year ending June 30. 1905. Taking some of its figures we find that while the total increase of domestic exports ($56,415,000) standing alone, will be accepted by some and claimed by others as entirely satisfactory, especially when used in connection with a gain of 91,000,000 dollars in exports of manufactures, the bare publication of these figures fails to tell the whole story. They will probably be used freely however to show that there is nothing in our trade relations calling for reciprocity or trade agreements but as has been intimated that is a very misleading inference drawn from only a part of the whole case. The fact is that of the $56,415,000, gain in total exports, $54,000,000 was in three items only, as follows: Iron and steel $22,700,000 Cotton Manufactures 27,300,000 Leather, 4,000,000 On those three great highly protected interests we have gained, but on the other hand, what fate met some of our other manufactures Our agricultural implement exports fell off $2,000,000 SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I, 87 Onr car, carriage and vehicle exports fell off 325,000 Our scientific instruments exports fell off, 125,000 Our marble and stone exports fell off, 310,000 Our musical instruments exports fell off, 80,000 Our parafine and wax exports fell off, 1,000,000 Our lumber manufactures exports fell off, 4,300,000 A loss in manufactured exports of $8,950,000 Our exports of agricultural products fell off 32,570,000 Showing a loss of $41,520,000 Allowing for some slight gains, the net loss of agriculture, and certain lines of manufacture was about $40,000,000 We submit that a loss of nearly $9,000,000 to so many of our lessor but very Important manufactures fails to indicate a healthy trade con- dition, great as the gain may have been to an over protected few. The real question is, was the export trade of the great mass of our manu- factures properous? The figures show the contrary, while our farmers will find but little consolation in a loss of $33,000,000. It is likewise true that the ostensible gain in "manufactured" products, $91,000,000, of itself is misleading in another respect. Included in the gain of manufacture is found bar and pig copper, the increase of which amounted to $29,000,000. Deduct that and the increase of exports of manufactures was only $62,000,000 consisting principally, as has been said, of three items so heavily protected that their surplus can be forced on foreign markets at cost. The condition then, as far as agriculture and many other classes also of our manufactvires are concerned, was not satisfactory. Agricultural exports suffered severely. j-,et me call attention to another resume concerning the ability of these great manufacturers to export. "Since last April, Japan has purchased in the United States more than 200 locomotives, 5000 railway cars, 400 structural iron bridges, and bO or more steam turbines, with electric generators. On the other hand the United States is by far the most generous customer of Japan's silks, teas, mattings, and curios, buying four or five times as much as does Great Britain. "This flood tide condition of the iron and steel industry — the mills everywhere working up to their capacity with contracts far ahead — lends extraordinary significance to our export trade in iron and steel manufac- tures. This trade has been steadily increasing. Its amount was $118, 948,586 in the fiscal year 1904, and $134,727,921 in the fiscal year 1905 — ending on June 30th," practically the same results that I have reached. A great deal has been said about the ability of certain of our manu- facturers to compete with the rest of the world. That is what we have been working to enable them to do. We want them not only to be able to compete with the rest of the world in our own market, but to hold the domestic market and to compete with the rest of the world abroad* When that time is reached then we claim that attention should be paid 8S IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to the necessity for agricultural exports and that concessions be made to the manufacturers of foreign nations in order that they may continue to buy our agricultural products. When manufacturers are able to flood the world then let us have a chance. That is the attitude that the agricultural interests practically occupy. . Now I have heard a great many distinguished gentlemen deny, that the surplus was of any great importance, and say it did not make any dif- ference at what price it was sold. I noticed a speech of Mr. McCleary of Minnesota in which in replying to Governor Cummins he said, what if there is a little export of 3 per cent less than what is sold at home? It is the surplus all the time that is the bai'ometer that shows the con- dition of any industry. It is what is sold abroad that indicates what can be done. We say that the surplus that the iron manufacturers have sold abroad is no small item, it is an enormous amount. What was it selling at? I have had a little personal experience with regard to that. I feel sure they do not sell a pound abroad at a loss, I assume that as a fixed proposition. They are not going to ship anything abroad to sell at a loss. I believe in some cases they sell it for less than they do at home here — I know it, because I have bought of them abroad. I believe in a majority of cases however, that the reduction in the labor cost of our manufacturers has been so great, and the superior excellence of our machinery has been so marked that we are able to meet on a fair basis the manufacturers of the world, and that we can undersell them and still make a profit. So I say the same thing can much better be done at home. Here is an address which I cut out of the "Iron Age", certainly a good authority, an address delivered by William M. Pratt, at a recent conven- tion of the American Hardware Mfgrs. Association. I will not attempt to read it all, but he says a good many things. "Reciprocity, which means a mutual interchange of rights ana privi- leges, has been criticized in the abstract and condemned in the con- crete." That is a quotation from your distinguished Governor, who is one of the leaders in this movement. "As having a bearing on the com- mercial relations between individuals it is necessary to commercial suc- cess. Having been dragged into politics it has been so mercilessly abus- ed by both political parties that hardly a semblance of its real meaning remains. In the days of Blaine, when Reciprocity was spoken of, as a hand-maiden of protective policy, it was assailed by the Democrats as a farce and misnomer, and when a certain element of the Republican party, realizing the country's commercial need, attempted to use this policy for our advantage in foreign markets, they have been termed traitors to the cause, of protection. "Are the great commercial interests of this country to stand idly by and allow a policy which is essential to our success in foreign markets to be mutilated in policies? Gentlemen of the Manufacturers Association, each and every one of you who has an export trade at this time, or ever expect to have one is vitally interested in this matter. No one, not even the foreign buyer, questions the wisdom of a protective tariff, neither SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 89 does he object to any individual schedule, which the needs of revenue, or the protection of labor requires. He does object to a policy under which we desire to sell everything and take nothing. He does object to schedules which are fat higher than che needs in the case warrant." Now it is very gratifying to me, and I presume to all of you re- presenting agricultural interests, to find that a very large and power- tul element of Hie manufacturing interests are allied with us in this movement. They feel the need of greater markets, they have reached the question of their surplus, and find the market abroad is as essential to them, as to us. It is only a few of the great manufacturing interests that are standing in the way, and which as Mr. Roosevelt says insists on keeping their feet in the trough. The great iron and steel interests the manufacturers of rails, all ship plate and all structural iron particu- larly. Everywhere men are beginning to see that we can sell an enor- mous quajitity of our manufactures abroad. In 1892, I made my first visit to England and Scotland, and I was sur- prised to find in every Scottish Village American axes and saws and nails for sale, for less than I could buy them in Kansas City. In 1902, I visit- ed the Royal Agricultural Show which was held that year at Warwick, on the grounds of Warwick Castle. They number everything that is on the ground, put it in a catalogue and if it is for sale, the price is given, and I found almost every agricultural instrument I am acquainted with for sale on the grounds at that place in 1902, for less than they could be bought for in Kansas City and I brought back a catalogue and nau it verified by implement dealers in Kansas City. In 1903, I was over there again, and I found in every town of consequence in England, Ameri can shoe stores, an euoimous sign "American Shoe Store", and I found I could buy American shoes of precisely the same character that I had been in the nabit of buying in Washington for about 20 per cent less than I could buy them in Washington. I found barbed wire for sale in Liverpool for $2.50 a hundred when it was $2.75 a hundred in Kansas City. And so on. If they can sell it at a price, that I know is at a good profit over there, then we can ease up a little, on these demands which they make for us on this prohibition of competition from abroad in some articles. If they can compete with the world in the worlds markets, let them compete with the world in our domestic markets somewhat, and thereby encourage the purchase of agricultural products, for foreign sup- plies. What does Mr. Pratt say as to that point? "There are two phases of this question to which I shall for a moment ask your attention; both are economic. The first has to deal with the effect upon our manufacturing interests of the continued selling of raw material, machinery, finished goods, and other exported articles at lower prices to foreign consumers than they are sold in home matkets. This question is oiic- of grave depth; it needs careful consideration. To what extent this is done I am not prepared to say; that it is of almost universal practice I have full knowledge." That is a statement made by a great hardware dealer to the associa- tion of American Hardware dealers. Is it possible that it would not have 90 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. been challenged if it had not been true? Br.t it is tr'ie. Now we simply want a fair deal. That is what the interests of this country, from the agricultural and livestock point, demand. I have heard some gentlemen who argue on the other side challenge the statement that any of our duties upon foreign imports are too high. They say that it is asserted of course by those who would import products into this country that they are not too high. Let us look for a moment at the actual facts and leave it to the unbiased and honest opinion of men as to whether or not that was true. Here are some pages I tore out of the statistical abstract, for 1904. I merely want to call your attention to one or two schedules. This gives the average duty paid on all the im ports of certain schedules. Of course it is very much lower than the highest duties, because but little is imported if any where the highest duties come in. Take the cotton manufactures and the imports of cotton manufactures for the year ending June 1904, was $48,901,815. And the duty actually paid upon those imports was $26,300,000, or a duty of 53.78 per cent. We grow the cotton, we have the finest cotton machin- ery in the world, we have invented everything from the cotton gin up to the highest power loom, and yet our cotton manufacturers exporting as I have shown you an enormous quantity of cotton goods, we will bar out anyhing that can be made abroad by a duty on an average of 53.78 per cent. In earthen, stone and china ware, another schedule which concerns the average life of every farmer in the country, we imported $11,905,434 worth upon which they required a duty to he paid of $6,963,622 or 58.49 per cent. Isn't that an unnecessary duty in this day and generation. It might have been asked for 25 years ago. On glass, which is an- other thing, — and mark you, the freights upon earthen, stone and china ware, and upon glass are enormous handicaps to the foreign importers — • of glass we imported $6,404,201 and we paid upon it a duty amounting $3,918,283 that is we charged it to the importer and divided it up, whenever we bought any of the imported article, a duty of 61.18 per cent on glass. The labor involved in glass manufacture in this country is an insignificant amount comparatively, and we could afford to buy all the glass works and burn them up and destroy them and make money by it, and then have a chance to buy abroad. In tobacco and manufactures of tobacco, we of course are the greatest growers of tobacco on earth. It is an agricultural product, and I am willing to let the blame fall even upon an agricultural product; but it is chiefly in manufactures that this enters. We have an average duty of 118 per cent upon all of the manufactured tobacco imported. And I want to call your attention to just one more and that is to the iron and steel schedule, where we have been importing such enormous quantities. There we have a duty. We imported $26,277,690 worth of manufactured iron and steel. Upon that we paid a duty of $9,651,240, an average duty of 36 per cent. Now in the manufacture of iron and steel we encroach upon Germany tremendously. She manufactures cheap guns, cheap cut- SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 91 lery, cheap knives, cheap scissors and things of that kind, and we have slammed the door in her face by our excessive duties upon that class of goods. That is of course applied to things that we do import. Where it is not absolutely beyond the possibility of doing any business. I want to call your attention to some schedules where this is absolutely pro- hibited. Tom Reed in the last campaign he made for Congress in Maine said, that there are two classes of people that this country has no use for, they both" would starve the Government; one is the free trader, who does not want to collect any revenue, and the other is the exclusionist, who does not want any imports, and therefore prohibits by high reve- nue. They would reach the same end, they both starve the Government and injure the people. Now for Treasury Statistics: Chalk, such as tailors, billiard, lead or French, 106 per cent duty, $34,000 imports, ?36,000 duty. Boracic acid, which is an article of ordi- nary use, we have I believe the two greatest borax mines in the world, the duty is 122 per cent. We imported $30,000, and paid a duty of $36,000 on it. Tannic acid or tannin 103 per cent duty. Nitric spirits of ether 250 per cent duty. Sulphuric ether 236 per cent duty. Cotton duck, over 8 square yards to the pound 112 per cent duty. In manufacture of cordage there is another case where the duties are abnormal. Cables of fibre of 7 lea yarn, 108 per cent duty; another size 128 per cent; still another 150 per cent; a fourth 236 per cent; a fifth 30O per cent; as a matter of course we do not import any cordage of that kind. Gill netting, five lea yarn 148 per cent duty, $1,980 imports, $2,940 duties. Even fire crackers pay 126 per cent duties, as if we could not manu- facture fire crackers in competition with the world. Cheap spectacles 116 per cent duty, common window glass, which is the kind ordinarily used 24 by 30, 107 per cent duty, we imported $55,000 worth and the duty paid was $59,000; 24 by 36, 125 per cent duty, $52,000 import, $65,000 duties; 30 by 40, 129 per cent duty; above 40 by 50, 255 per cent duty. As a matter of course we imported none of that. Looking glasses, 24 by 30, 130 per cent duty. Plate glass 24 by 60, 142 per cent ^uty. Pocket knife blades 103 per cent duty. Stocks for double barreled guns 389 per cent duty. On certain grades of cane sugar, the duty runs as high as 120 per cent. Now those are the absolute facts, that Is the situation. Mr. Blaine told us years ago he succeeded in having added to the McKinley bill o£ 1890 certain provisions of reciprocal trade relations with South America that are of enormous benefit to us, it has been proven to us over and over again. Mr. McKinley at the time when death itself was hanging over him told us the greatest truth in regard to this great question that has ever been uttered. He said the period of exclusiveness is past, and that we must buy of others, if we would expect them to buy of us. That was 92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the plain homely, practical everyday theory that controls us in all our private relations, and no man will do business with his neighbor unless his neighbor will do business with him; and it is as true in National af- fairs, as in individual affairs. Mr. Dingley in framing his bill — and I remember the discussions, thought that section 4 would absolutely open the way to a settlement of all cases, and I believed so. It was practi- cally the inauguration of the maximum and minimum tariff idea, it was an inauguration if it had been practically carried out by the senate as they had practically pledged themselves to do, because I consider that when the Senate voted for that law, with that provision in it, when they authorized Mr. McKinley to make these treaties, they were in honor bound, unless they could show a most grevious failure in the treaties, to ratify them and carry out the law. That was an act of bad faith, and I believe the people of this country may hold them responsible for it. They should re-enact by a joint resolution section 4, reviving it and authorize the President again to undertake negotiation of these treaties and to give us that kind of r-^lief. Of course those of us who have been Interested in this matter of reciprocity have reached the conclusion that the only proper and ultimate way of settling this question is by inaugurat- ing a maximum and minimum system of duties which was pointed out and would have worked under the Dingley Law, if it was carried out properly. We could have gradually had a conventional rate twenty per cent less than the statutory rate, there would have been the two duties, a maximum and minimum. We ought to have the executive authorized to apply the minimum whenever reciprocal concessions can be obtained that justify it from any nation, without additional legislation; he should not have to go to Congress, he should not have to bring up this great question for general discussion. I agree that it is unwise to have un- stability, I agree that a general discussion of tariff is liable to create some harm and some uncertainty: But if it must be done, and all agree ihat sooner or later it must be done, when is the time to do it? When the sun is shining and everything is fair? Or shall we wait until the clouds gather and open and the rains begin to descend and then attempt io build an ark of refuge? There were men who laughed at Noah, who said he was an old fool, even though he had a tip from the weather bureau. They said it wasn't going to be much of a shower anyway. Then there is another famous gentleman known in history who lived in Arkansas, he would not mend his roof when the weather was clear and bright because it did not need it, and he could not do it when it rained. Should we imitate that class of people? Or shall we with business saga- city take the steps necessary to build up our business with other nations? Mr. McKinley and the Dingley bill never said anything about non- competitive products. How can you have reciprocity in non-competitive products? We have nothing to trade on in them. But the Dingley bill in section 4 provided for concessions upon the whole schedule. Sec- tion 3 provided for half a dozen articles that are not altogether non- competitive, but they are mentioned specifically by name. And to-day SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 93 Mr. Root is trying to negotiate under that section, but he will have to ap- ply to Congress to increase nis powers in that connection before he can make a satisfactory treaty with Germany. Gentlemen, I hope I have not tired you. There is an immense amount of material, and argument and proof, which I might present to you with regard to these things, but it is a good business proposition. You have your agents in Washington to do business for you, they are sent there by you as your agents to attend matters that affect your business interest. Here is a condition which is confronting us. I believe that in a year from now the livestock industry, unless we do something to relieve the situation will be absolutely ruined; I do not see anyway out of it. We cannot feed all our corn to our daughters, nor all our beef either. We have got to sell it abroad, we have got to have an oppor- tunity. War was threatened with Spain because she closed the mouth of the Mississippi river. We wrenched her power away, in order that we might have access to the world. That system of taxation was injuri- ous. Here is another system of taxation on both sides, it is an inter- national affair, but we are asked to do what is fair and right and best for our own people. The question is, shall we do it? I thank you gentlemen.' Vice-President Cameron was then called to the chair and Presi- dent Morrow addressed the convention as follows; which was followed by the report of the Treasurer. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. HON. W. W. MORROW, AFTON, lA. The statement has been made at each annual meeting for the past few years that the fair just closed was the most successful in its his- tory; and while this is true of the past, it is especially true of the fair of 1905. With bounteous crops, the people in a prosperous condition, and with perfect v/eather. the fair" this year v/as not only the greatest held in this State, but svrpasses any ever held in the United States. Many times some of the departments are well represented and others are but partially filled, but this year all departments made a fine showing. About seven hundred cattle were in the show ring. The capacity of the barns being five hundred, additional space was made by con- verting the old poultry building into a cattle barn, accommodating nine- ty-six head; the balance were cared for in tents. New cattle barns should be provided for the coming year. The management was com- pelled to build more pens for the hog exhibit, also to refuse to receive further entries. This exhibit numbered about twenty-five hundred head, and if the entries had not been closed we would probably have 94 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. had three thousand or more hogs. A new hog barn should be built, suitable to care for at least twenty-five hundred head, and the best pens now in use could be used for an overflow. A new steel amphitheatre should be provided for. Many other improve- ments are needed, which can be provided for later. On November 1, 1904, there was cash on hand $29,658.22, $15,000 of which was placed as a reserve fund with the Marquardt Sav- ings Bank, drawing four per cent interest. One' thousand two hundred dollars was expended for improvements, which included turnstiles, hay barn, cement walks, repairs on agricultural building and streets, wire fencing, curbing and guttering, changing entrance to amphitheatre, building new entrance at Grand Avenue, changing poultry building into a cattle barn, changing old dairy building into a dining hall, and other improvements which the Secretary will give you in his report of expen- ditures. On November 1, 1905, there was on hand $39,733.40, making a gain for the year of over $10,000. More money could have been taken in in the Privilege Department had we allowed shows of a doubtful character on the grounds; but I am pleased to say that the day of the fakir and immoral show is a thing of the past at the Iowa State Fair. REPORT OF THE TREASURER. FOR THE YEAR 1905. G. D. ELLYSON, DES MOINES, IOWA. Gentlemen: Herewith please find report of your Treasurer for the If ion?;- year 1905 Receipts Disbursements Cash on hand $ 29,657.23 Gate receipts 47,906.00 Amphitheater receipts 7,220.05 Quarter Stretch receipts 403.75 Evening admissions 936.75 Evening amphitheater receipts 4,432.00 Special tickets 295.50 Campers tickets 978.00 Sup't of Privileges 9,315.75 Horticulture 5.00 Agriculture 118.00 Swine 1,189.00 Sheep and Poultry 221.30 Horses 511.00 SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 95 Fine Arts 371.75 Dairy 767.65 " Grounds 1,787.21 Electric Ligtits 126.00 Cattle 920.50 Macliinery 1,101.75 Secretary 8,109.59 State Appropriation 1,000.00 Interest 910.62 Total 118,284.40 Expense warrants ? 49,685.08 Premium warrants 28,622.98 Balance 39,976.34 Total 118.284.40 Balance on hand Nov. 30, 1905, $ 39,976.34 Respectfully submitted, G. D. Ellysojs^, Treasurer. On motion the convention adjourned to meet at i 130 P. M. AFTERNOON SESSION. The convention met at i 130 P. M., pursuant to adjournment, with President Morrow in the chair. Secretary Simpson read his report as follows : SECRETARY'S REPORT. J. C. SIMPSOX, DES MOINES, lA. Before my report proper, I wish to say a word regarding the state fair as a factor in agricultural education. We find upon looking over the resolution passed by the first meeting held for the organization oC a state fair, in the first paragraph, the following: "For the promotion of agriculture, horticulture, manufactures, mechanics, household arts and the improvement of live stock." This is the foundation upon which all agricultural and stock fairs are organized. That the state fairs of the middle states have been a great factor in the improvement of our live stock, agricultural products and farm implements, we believe will be conceded by all fair-minded isaen. It is the object lesson taught by showing side by side for comparison which stimulates the effort for improvement, and this is where our fairs have been a factor in the education of the farm folk. It matters not that all agricultural fairs 96 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ■ have not followed up the true principle of its organization, or that many fair-goers see only a frolic in the event; the thinking men and women who keep their eyes and the avenues of their brain open under- stand that education of the farm folk is the underlying idea of the state fair; all else is incidental and of more or less importance to its financial success. That the usefulness of our state fair is still in its infancy can readily be seen by a glance at the live stock statistics of the state census now being compiled by the Secretary of the Executive Council. The total number of cattle in Iowa is reported at 4,756,322, or which only 86,838 are pure bred, being less than one in fifty, or under two per cent. The average value of all cattle, including calves under one year old, is about $19.34, while that of pure breds is $59.95, an average greater by more than two hundred per cent. Pure bred cattle being worth on an average three times that of scrub animals should be suffi- cient evidence to convince the most skeptical of the positive necessity for greater efforts in further improving the quality, thereby greatly increasing the value. I do not believe it an impossibility within the next five years, by a more general use of high class, pure bred bulls, to increase the value of our cattle $5.00 per head. This would mean a total increase of nearly $25,000,000.00 on the number reported at this time. The number of swine, all ages, is reported at 6,465,580, worth on an average $5.27. The total number of pure bred swine is 110,421, worth on an average $12.63, being more than double the average value reported on other swine. An increase of twenty-five per cent on the average value of hogs would mean a total increase of over $8,000,000.00 for the Iowa hog. Following this up on all classes of live stock, you would have a possible increase of $40,000,000.00 in the value of stock in the state of Iowa in the next five years. This is where the educational feature of the stock exhibit at the State Fair is most apparent. What farmer is there in Iowa who can pass through the swine department at the State Fair, where more than twenty-five hundred hogs are shown, and not be impressed with a feeling that an improvement in his own herd must be made, and possibly lay the foundation then and there for this improvement by purchasing a pure bred boar of good quality, or perhaps a few gilts. I appeal to you, Mr. Farmer, if there is one among you who can sit in the magnificent stock pavilion at the State Fair grounds, watching with the eye of an expert the work of the awarding judges, and then go home without a determination to breed better cattle in the future. If you are not directly interested in the breeding of cattle or very closely identified with the work, or in other agricultural pursuits, I can readily see -how your only purpose for visiting the fair is for pleasure. It has been the policy of the Board the last few years to provide the highest type of entertainment for the people, believing explicitly in the old proverb that "All work an no play makes Jack a dull boy,'" in SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 97 that "All education and no amusement makes the fair a dull place," A good entertainment will insure a greater attendance and more revenue' without which the educational features must be sustained in a beggarly manner. In the minds of a large number of farm people, the State Fair ranks with other state educational institutions, and they believe it should have the same hearty, earnest and liberal financial support for the con- struction of permanent buildings. It is true the fair continues for only one week, but in that lengtn of time it is visited by over 1-50,000 people. It furnishes an object lesson for all classes and ages. It gives them an opportunity to learn what they cannot learn elsewhere, and at the same time a pleasant outing at a nominal expense after the sea.son of hard work. Our schools and colleges are for the young; the fair is for the young as well as for those who have passed the school age. Therefore, we say, whatever can be done to make our fair more instructive, more educational and more comfortable, should be done. « Permanent location and permanency of improvements is the suc- cess of any state fair. The Iowa State Fair in former years was held in the different cities throughout the state, and until its permanent location in this city was rarely a financial success. This was true of the state fairs of Wiscon.sin, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and in fact, all that have come within our observation. When the present grounds were purchased and the fair permanently located in this city, Des Moines business men raised and donated to the state the sum of $50,000 It ^^s been customary for the different towns and cities' throughout the state, when a state institution was located in their city, to either donate the grounds or a sum of money equal to their purchase price. But it was never the intention of our state that the city or town should provide the means for future buildings and maintain the institution after once being located. Do you expect the people or Iowa City to erect all the university buildings and maintain that insti- tution because of its location in that place? Did you expect the peo- ple of Council Bluffs to rebuild the deaf and dumb school in their city? Would you expect a town to build a new court house and pay the expense of its county officers because of the location of the county seat? Is it not just as unreasonable to ask the people of Des Monies to build the buildings and make the improvements on the State Fair grounds because the State Fair is located in their city? The fact that such states as Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri and other states are making provision for the permanency of their state fair is a precedent which I believe can be safely followed. The people of Iowa are back of the state fair, if it was otherwise it would not, and could not, be a success. Within the next few years provision should be made for a number of buildings and improvements on the State Fair grounds, if the Iowa State Fair is to continue in the front rank with like instinitjons of other 98 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. states. As compared with Illinois, Ohio, Minnesota, and even Mis- souri, the improvements on the Iowa State Fair grounds are far behind However, nature has done more for our grounds than any I have ever visited; and we have great faith that the future general assemblies of Iowa will do as much. It was my pleasure to visit the State Fair grounds at Columbus, Ohio, a short time ago, and I was much impressed with what I saw there in the way of buildings. Instead of a large number of frame and temporary buildings, they have seventeen permanent exposition buildings. Their hog show is all housed under one roof, with a show ring in the center, and this building is a model of beauty and con- venience. The same is true of their ether stock barns. Mr. Miller, their secretary, informed me that since these barns were erected the show of live stock has increased seventy-five per cent, and the exhibit is the center of interest to the vast throngs of visitors to the fair. Ihey have three large, roomy sheds for the implement and machinery exhibit. In fact, the whole of their exhibit is under cover. The Illinois state fair grounds are even better equipped, in that they haA^e covered walks connecting all their main buildings. Leaving the train ohe enters the immense implement sheds.- passes, through this to the Dome building, where the agricultural and horticultural exhibits are displayed, then passes on to the exposition and womens' buildings, and from there to the poultry building and stock pavilion without once being from under cover. Thus you can see why inclement weather will not materially interfere with the Illinois State Fair. I cannot pass over this matter of improvements without a word in regard to the urgent need of a fireproof grandstand. Those of you who were present at the last fair remember something of the immense crowd that packed the grandstand and quarter stretch on Wednesday afternoon. It was on this day that a fire broke out in an eating house five or six hundred feet to the east of the grandstand. To the people in the grandstand nothing was visible Init a vast volume of black smoke, but this was sufficient to cause a feeling of uneasiness, know- ing the inflammable material of which the grandstand is built, and when those outside began crying "fire." this feeling of uneasiness amounted to almost a panic. Only those who were facing the stand and saw the tremor that swept like a wave over the immense throng occupying it, can appreciate by what a narrow margin was averted a catastrophe greater than Iowa has ever seen; a panic which would have resulted in the death of hundreds of people. This was only averted by cool-headed persons and a statement that it was a fake, being only a demonstration by the fire department stationed on the grounds. This incident should be a warning and a lesson that should be heeded before it is too late. Human lives are too precious to take any such chances. The amusement feature of the fair is legitimate, and the immense crowds that witness this feature is made up of the flower of Iowa's population, the wives, mothers, daughters and sons, not only SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 99 of the rural districts, but from our cities and towns as well. I have in my desk a clipping from a newspaper of a fii'e which destroyed a grand- stand in an Ohio town last fall and many people were injured in the panic, and this with only a few hundred people present. We wish to correct any erroneous ideas which you may have in that the State Fair is not self supporting. The State Fair is now, and has been for the last eight years, self supporting. During the past six- years more money has been expended for improvements on the State Fair grounds out of the receipts of the annual fairs, after paying all expenses and premiums, than has been received by direct appropria- tions for buildings. Can this be said of any other institution in Iowa? Later on we will give some figures bearing out the above assertion. The fifty-fii'st annual Iowa State Fair marked a new era in its growth. Never was such an exhibition of live stock, or of farm impe- ments and agricultural products gathered at a state fair. It was a triumph of perfection as compared with preceding State Fairs. It has grown into an annual exposition of the products of the State, the greatness and number of which make it impossible to more than view that part in which one is directly interested. It is not an uncommon practice now for a visitor to devote his entire time to one of the numerous departments. The fair was cleaner than ever before, and every available foot of exhibition space was occupied. Indeed, the entries were so numerous and the applications for stalls so great as to cause the management quite a little concern how to provide for all. But even in the midst of this worry we could find pleasure in the thought, that more applications for stalls and pens would mean a greater show, and a greater show would mean a larger attendance, thereby insuring a greater success. The grounds were in the best of condition, never being more beauti- ful than on the opening day. During the week the fair was held the weather was perfect and the attendance greater than ever before by many thousand. The total attendance for the week was something over 162,000. In the line of amusements, the management provided the best that money could obtain, and wei-e especially fortunate in being able to secure the services of one of the most famous concert bands in the country. The sacred concert rendered by Liberati's Band at the fair grounds on Sunday afternoon will long be remembered by those who were fortunate enough to be present on that occasion. A very pleasing feature of the stock exhibit this year was the large increase in the number of entries made by Iowa stockmen. This was especially noticeable in the horse department. Every stall was ts.Ken, and not one of the large foreign horse companies that assisted in mak- ing the record -breaking show of two years ago had entries. As it was, the exhibit was very satisfactory in every way. The American people are less versed in the scientific principles of breeding horses 100 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. than in any other class of stock, and the need of work along this line is- very great. Every effort should be put forth on the part of the Stat^ Board of Agriculture to increase the interest in the horse exhibit at the State Fair and encourage the showing of a greater number of Ameri- can bred horses. The breeding of horses will never be as profitable as it should until our people learn that a high class brood mare is as essential in the raising of a good colt as is a high grade, well bred cow in the raising of a good calf. To accomplish this, better brood mares must be used, and I hope to see the time when the show of brood mares and fillies in the ring at the Iowa State Fair will be as numerous as the stallions and colts. No better herds of cattle were ever entered at any show, nor a larger list of entries received, than in the breeding classes at the fair this year. It was an exceedingly strong show in all breeds having a classification in our list, as was shown by the wide distribution of premiums. The showing of Shorthorns, Herfords and Angus in the beef breeds were the strongest, the Galloway, Polled Durham and Red Polled being well represented. In the dairy breeds but two classe.^ were shown — Holsteins and Jerseys, the showing of Jerseys being the strongest in years. In all, seven hundred and seventy-eight entries were received, and out of this number about seven hundred were at the fair. Figured on a basis of ten animals to each exhibitor, this would make a total of seventy cars of cattle. And such cattle as they were! Great massive animals rapresenting the finest type among their respec- tive breeds. It was certainly a paradise for the lover and breeder of cattle. Nowhere throughout the whole land was there ever such an oportunity for the farmer to study the breeding and types of the beef animal. What an object lesson for comparison! What an opportunity to converse with the most intelligent breeders and expert judges of our country. To those who were present and failed to get the full benefit of this, the greatest showing of breeding cattle ever before gathered at one place, we can only feel that they did not use their sense of sight, feeling, and — well, you can come again next year and make up for this lost opportunity, for if all signs do not' fail, there will be a larger and better show than ever. If the Iowa State Fair has a reputation the country over for the number and quality of cattle shown each year, it is none the less known for her swine exhibit. And what is more befitting in a state with double the number of hogs of any other, that at her annual State Fair the swine exhibit should be in the sarae proportion. More than twenty-five hundred head of hogs were on exhibition this year, and the number was -only limited by the lack of room to erect more pens. In all, probably six to seven hundred were turned away by this lack of room to provide the necessary pens. The quality was much better, showing that rivalry among the breeders is growing keener each year. The showing of Poland Chinas was the largest — ten hundred and ninety-one being shown by more than eighty-five breeders, all but fourteen being from Iowa. Duroc-Jerseys came next — seven hundred SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 101 and ninety-three, representing the herds of fifty-four breeders, all but ten being from Iowa. The Chester Whites came next in number, there being four hundred and seventy-five, shown by twenty-five breeders, all from Iowa. Then came the Berkshires, the six breeders in this class having one hundred and eleven in the show. Thus the show of two thousand four hundred and seventy hogs was made by one hundred and seventy breeders. There are hundreds of farmers- and breeders throughout the state who wait until they come to the fair before purchasing whatever boars, sows or gilts are needed to strengthen their herds. There have been times in the past when eighty per cent ■of the swine on exhibition changed ownership before leaving the grounds. The condition and arrangement of the barns or sheds in which this exhibit is quartered, and a lack of a show ring of sufficient size, detracts somewhat from this show. With new quarters for the hogs, conveniently arranged both for the exhibitor and the visitor, the show would increase in value many times and be one of the most interesting and attractive places on the fair grounds. Iowa is not a sheep state, and considering the small number raised within her borders, the show at the fair was exceedingly good, both in Bumber and quality. The Board has offered inducements in the way of special classes to Iowa bred sheep, and this should strengthen the show materially in the next year or two. The poultry exhibit was good, but not what it should be. The money received from the sale of poultry and eggs by the wife has tided many a farmer over a financial crisis in his affairs. The total num- ber of poultry of all kinds reported from the Iowa census now being compiled is 23,470,059, worth $8,083,184. The number of dozen eggs produced in each year is given as 79,456,462, worth $10,794,193; this added to the value of all poultry makes a total of $18,877,377, a sum equal to more than one-half the value of swine, and one-fifth the value of all cattle. It is astounding, the returns that can be derived in a year from a flock of one hundred to two hundred chickens with proper care. In the display of farm implements and machinery was to be seen the progress made in the last decade by the manufacturer in his effort to satisfy the people. Here you could see nearly every kind of farm imple- ment, tool, machine or conveyance known to man, representing the products of many of the leading mills and factories of the middle west. All classes of people, from the dealer to the small school boy, seemed to be intensely interested in this exhibit. The factories had their experts on hand to explain the intricate part& of the machine and demonstrate its capacity to do the work for which it was intended. In the agricultural, horticultural and dairy building the show was even better than expected. This was more particularly true of the horticullmral exhibit, which, considering the unfavorable season for fruit, was especially good. The visitors seem to take a greater interest in these exhibits since the erection of the new building, it being crowded from morning until night. Several large beds of foliage 102 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. plants and flowers had been planted around the building, making a very- attractive corner of the grounds. Special attention should be given by the management to landscape gardening. This can be carried on at a nominal expense, and would certainly add much to the attrac- tiveness of the grounds. The camping feature of the State Fair is becoming quite popular again. During the fair hundreds of tents were put up on the camp grounds and were occupied by several thousand people. It is the most pleasant and enjoyable way to see the fair, and the expense is much less than to stay at the hotels in the city. Tents can be rented of the tent and awning companies, who are located on the grounds during the fair, at a small expense, and if ordered ahead, will be pitched and ready to occupy upon arrival. The finances of the department are today in the most satisfactory condition they have ever been. About four years ago the board passed a resolution to the effect that a part of the cash in the treasury be set aside, to be used only as an emergency fund. This action was taken as a precaution, that they might have available funds to be used in case of misfortune to any of the fair ground buildings and to insure the prompt payment of all permiums. At each annual meeting since that time, similar action has been taken. The money on hand, after deduct- ing the amount of the emergency fund, has been appropriated and used in the improvement of the fair grounds, increasing the amount of premiums, the contingent expenses preceding the State Fair. This precaution of the board in thus creating an emergency fund, and the promptness in the payment of premiums, has given stability to the Iowa State Fair that has been of untold benefit in Increasing the num- ber of exhibits. The past season §12,000, in round numbers, was expended for improvements upon the fair grounds. Registering turn-stiles were installed at all entrances; additional improvements were added to the agricultural building; a new barn was erected for the fnrage depart- ment; the* streets were improved by placing upon them hundreds of loads of cinders; additional walks were put down; several hundred rods of seven foot woven wire fence were built; a start was made in curbing and guttering the streets; changes were made in the entrances to the grand stand and arrangement of the aisles; several barns were re-shingled; and a large number of buildings painted. The old dairy building was converted into a first class dining hall, and the old poul- try building into a cattle barn. An imposing entrance was built at Grand Avenue, and a number of other improvemets of minor nature constructed, as will be shown in the detailed statement later. As to receipts, our statement will show that there was a cash balance on December 1, 1904, of $29,657.23, and on Noverember 30, 1905, the close of the fiscal year, $39,976.34, with unpaid warrants of $196.- 17, leaving us a profit and loss balance of $39,780.17 or a net increase for the year in the profit and loss account of $10,179.30. Our statement will further show total receipts from all sources during the SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 103 year of $88,627.17, that thei-e was received from the sale of tickets at the State Fair $62,172.05, • and from other departments of the fair $22,502.20, making a total of $84,674.25 receipts from the fair and $.3,952.92 from all other sources. The statement of disbursements will show that there was drawn during the year, premium and expense warrants to the amount of $78,447.87,— $28,730.89 for premiums, $33,720.08 for expenses of the fair, and $15,996.90 for improvements, insurance, expenses of state farmers' institute, salary of the superintendent of the fair grounds, etc. Also that the total disbursements of the fair were $62,450.97. leaving a net profit of $22,223.28. It will show an increase in the receipts in nearly all departments, particularly in the ticket sales and privileges; the increase in the ticket sales amounting to $13,628.40 and the increase from the sale of privileges to about $3,000.00. Quite a large number of improvements and changes are needed, a number of which can be provided for out of the funds now in the trea- sury. Presuming the Board will see the wisdom of continuing the emergency fund and that it will not be less than for the past two years ($15,000), and estimating the money necessary to pay the bills con- tracted and presented for payment before the next fair at $4,000 to $5,000, will give a working fund of about $20,000. After deducting the amount of any increase in the premium list, the balance will be available for improvements and repairs. This sum will not be suffi- cient to provide for all the improvements which should be made the next season. Another cattle barn should be built to give the necessary stable room without resorting to the use of a tent, which does not make a desirable place to house cattle and is very dangerous in case of storms. Another sanitary closet is needed near the camp grounds. Aside from the fence put up the past two seasons, the outside fence is in very bad condition and about six hundred rods of additional fencing should be built. The fence which is being used is a seven foot woven wire fence and is quite expensive to build, but when put up right it will last a number of years. More walks should be laid, and some additional storm sewers put in. The streets and drives should be further improved by the use of cinders, curb and gutters. In our experience in improving our streets, the cinders have kept them in a better condition than any other material used. The lighting plant should be increased to double its present capacity. A telephone system should be installed; this would not only facilitate the work of the Board in their management of the fair, but would be greatly appre- ciated by the exhibitors and visitors to the fair. Provision should be made without further delay to better the conditions for furnishing meals at the fair. A number, in fact nearly all, of the buildings on the grounds used for dining halls belong to private parties. They have been there for a number of years, are very unsightly, and not fitted for the purpose for which they were erected. They were put up in the cheapest kind of a way to begin with, and their appearance has 104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. not improved with time. Witli a number of neat, well built dining halls, the revenue from the sale of privileges would be increased very materially. In case a new grandstand is secured, the salvage in lum- ber from the old stand could be used in building these dining halls. We cannot call to mind any one thing which would be appreciated more by those attending the fair than to provide a few additional dining halls where a good, wholesome meal could be secured. Some one has said that "the way to a man's pocket book is through his stomach," so why not get on the right track? Never since the exposition building was put up has there ever been much effort made towards any changes which would make it a desirable exposition building. It will be years, probably, before a new exposition building is secured; in the meantime, by an expenditure of five to six thousand dollars, it could be remodeled and made into a very good building. At present the fair grounds are without adequate fire protection. During the past season the water works company have extended their mains to the grounds, and if brought into the grounds, and a suflBcient number of fire plugs distributed, all main buildings would be in reach of water in case of fire. The above are only a few of the countless number of improvements necessary on the fair grounds, but will give you a clearer idea of the work that is contemplated and how utterly impossible it would be for the management to have the means with which to build large per- manent buildings, such as a grand stand, hog barn, manufacturers building, etc., without an appropriation for those specific purposes, and make the other improvements that have been made in the past and those which will have to be made in the future. The State Fair is a large institution, and it requires money to put and keep the fair £crounds in such a condition that the largest possible exhibits can De secured and the people cared for with the least possible friction. Iowa not only leads all other states in the bushels of corn produced and the number of hogs raised, but, in my judgment, has an annual exposition or State Fair which stands at the head of all similar insti- tutions, and comes nearer fulfilling the purposes for which it was created, in carrying out the principles of education. It has had, the past few years, the support of a large majority of the people through- out the state. This has been very gratifying to the management, who are only interested in its continued success, as every citizen of the state should be. It has been of untold value to Iowa in the past, and can be made even of greater value in the future; it benefits all classes alike. Our books show that seventy-nine county and district fairs received the state aid the past season, a total of $15,086.27 having been paid out by the State Auditor for this purpose, or an average of $190.96 to the fair. There are keld in the state between eighty-five and ninety fairs each year, but all do not apply for the state aid. The state pays to each artd every county fair in the state complying with the law, forty per cent of the premiums paid, not including speed, not exceeding two hundred dollars to any one society. The table compiled from the financial statements sent in does not show much change in the table of one year ago, from one less report. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 105 The total receipts from those reporting was $236,251.08. The amount paid in premiums was $55,505.93. The total valuation of the fair ground property as given is about $92,000.00. Eighteen societies reported no indebtedness; fifty-one report money on hand to the amount of $11,600.00. $1,757.15 was the greatest amount reported by any society as having been paid for premiums; this was from the fair at Columbus Junction, Louisa county. The Clinton District Fair leads in the largest amount received from receipts — $6,861.70. The com- plete financial statement will be printed in full in the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture. I wish to call attention to one other matter in which we are all more or less Interested, particularly as consumers, and that is pure food legislation. In all probability, a bill will be presented before the legislature this winter, calling for some regulation as to the adulteration of foods. A law of this kind should be upon our statutes. The commit- tee of the State Board of Agriculture on adulteration of food and other products will have a bill drawn and ready to introduce early in the ses- sion, which should receive the support of all who are interested in the matter of better foods. Following is a statement of moneys cominfi: into my hand as Secretary and deposited with the Treasurer, for which I hold receipts: From annual state appropriation for insurance and expenses S 1,000.00 From exhibitor's tickets 1,930.00 From scholarship contest 52.00 From speed entries 3,506 65 From Polled Durham Ass'n. specials 200.00 From Hereford Ass'n. specials 496.00 From refund by Board of Control part of expenses obtaining- agricul- tural exhibit at St. Louis 143.09 From forage department 1,669.S5 From miscellaneous collections 112.00 From interest 910.62 Total $10,020.21 SECRETARY'S ACCOUNT OF GENERAL EXPENSE. For the Fixcal Year endinp November SO. 1905. IMPROVEMENTS AND REPAIRS. Agricultural Building S 700.06 Streets 712.72 Feedbarn 488.87 Fence 71119 Dining halls 171.95 Exposition building 190 87 Landscaping 185.19 Womens' building 107.86 Amphitheater 573 85 Curb and gutter 467.97 Painting 461.23 Walks . .... 436.61 Barns 804.41 Grand Avenue entrance 1,377 03 Street car entrance 199.58 President's office 326 28 Swine pens 586.62 Miscellaneous 3,460.78 811,963.09 106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Auditing- committee Miscellaneous expense Executive committee Express, telegraph and telephone Billii of former years paid 1905 Special committee work Annual meetings St. Louis exhibit , Insurance . Superintendent Fairgrounds, salary — Miscellaneous expenses at fair grounds .. . Printing , Postage , Advertising Board meetings Privilege department Forage department Attractions Secretary's department . Light and water department Superintendent fair grounds department Police department President's department Treasurer's department Gate department ." Ticket department Press bureau Horse department Speed department Cattle department Swine department Sheep and poultry department Machinery department Agricultural department . Dairy department Horticultural department Art department Premiums paid out of expense fund American Trosting association (Suspensions collected) 54.90 493.81 520 50 230.49 169.68 488 44 164.86 249.39 ,665.93 900 00 .867.55 ,508. 84 538.00 ,851 51 444.80 444. 36 ,831 50 ,472 57 828. 25 551.37 290.69 ,799.75 100 20 688.30 ,035.93 292 10 199 15 428.25 '293. 60 577.36 311.90 295.05 263.55 345.37 264.10 241.60 494.85 516.33 39.15 $19,716.98 SECRETARY'S ACCOUNT WITH J. D. ELLYSON, TREASURER. For the Fiscal Year Ending Nov. SO, 1905. Receipts. By cash on hand December 1, 1904 From S. B. Packard, Supt. Cattle Dept M. McDonald, Supt. Horse Dept ; R. S. Johnston, Supt. Swine Dept H. L. Pike, Supt. Sheep and Poultry Dept John Ledge rwood, Supt. Machinery Dept H.R.Wright, Supt. Dairy Dept . T. C. Legoe, Supt. Fine Arts Dept R. T. St. John, Supt. Agricultural Dept M. J. Wragg, Supt. Horticultural Dept W. C. Brown, Supt. Privilege Dept Jas. H. Deemer, Supt. of Electric lights Jas. H. Deemer, Supt. Grounds, collections J. C. Simpson, Secretary's Dept Ticket sales CR. $29,657.23 920.50 511.00 1,189.00 221.30 1,101.75 767.65 371. 75 118.00 5.00 9,315.75 126. 00 1,787.21 10,020.21 62,172.05 SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 10^ DISBURSEMENTS. To expense warrants paid: 1905 issue 849,685.08 To premium warrants paid: 1904 issue S 46.11 1905issue ; 28,576.87 28,622.98 To cash on hand November 30, 1905 ■ 39,976.34 Total $118,284 40 $118,284 40 OUTSTANDING WARRANTS. EXPENSE: Warrants previous to issue of 1905 $ 1 20 Warrants 1905 issue 31.90 Total expense warrants outstanding 33 10 PREMIUMS: Warrants previous to issue of 1905 9.05 Warrants 1905 issue 154.02 Total premium warrants outstanding 163 07 S 196. 17 PROFIT AND LOSS, NOVEMBER 30, 1905. By cash on hand S 39,976.34 To outstanding warrants * 196.17 To credit $ 39,780 17 STATEMENT OF PREMIUMS PAID AT FAIR OF 1905. Department A, Horses $ 2,941.00 Department B, Speed 7,145.00 DepartmentC, Cattle 7,274.00 Department D, Swine 2,179.00 DepartmentE, Sheep 1,496.00 Department F, Poultry 731.50 Department I, Agriculture 1,943.50 Department J, Pantry and Kitchen 673.00 Department K, Dairy 637.69 Department L and M, Horticulture 1,251.70 Department N, Fine Arts 2,084.50 SPECIALS. Iowa State College Scholarship, awarded in boys judging contest 200.00 Total premiums paid at fair of 1905 S 28,556.89 Premiums paid on mature corn, December meeting, 1904 174.00 Total premiums paid fiscal year ending November 30, 1905 S 28,730 89 SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT. Total receipts for fiscal year ending November 30, 1905 $ 88,627.17 Receipts from sources other than State Fair 3,952.92 Receipts from State Fair 1905 .... S 84,674.25 Premium and expense warrants issued account of 1905 State Fair S 62,450.97 Net profit for State Fair 1905 $ 22,223.28 Total receipts for the year $ 88,627,17 108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Total amount of premiums and expenses, including perma- nent improvements $ 78,447.87 Warrants issued and unpaid 185.92 Warrants of 1905 issue paid S 78,261.95 "Warrants of previous years paid 46.11 Total amount of warrants paid 1905 '. $ 78,308.06 Net increase of casli in treasury over December 1,1904 S 10,319.11 Cash in treasury December 1, 1904 . $ 29,657.23 Total amount of cash balance in treasury November 30, 1905 S 39,979.34 Premiums paid 1905 S 28,730.89 Premiums paid 1304 24,622.68 Increase 1905 over 1904 S 4,108.21 Ticket sales 1905 $ 02,172.05 Ticket sales 1904 48,543.65 Increase 1905 over 1904 S 13,628.40 Money expended for improvements on the State Fair Grounds in the last six years. Appropriations from State: 1902, for Stock Pavilion S 37,000.00 1904, for Agricultural, Horticultural and Dairy Bldg: 47,000.00$ 84,000.00 From surplus available after paying all expenses and premiums each year; Forl900 $ 8,115.59 Forl901 13,378.73 Forl902 26,457.12 For 1903 17,855.77 Forl904 12,641.11 Porl905 11,963.09 90,441.41 Total in six years for permanent improvements $ 174,411.41 Amount paid for premiums for the last six years: FairoflOOO $ 18,547.32 Fairofl901 19,205.83 hairofigoa 21,736.31 Kairofl903 23,813.13 Fairofl904 24,691.68 Fair of 1905 2S, 730.89 Total for six years $ 136,723.16 SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 109> EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED IN 1905. December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December January February February February February February February February 6. February 6 February fj February 6 February 6 February 6 February 6 February 6 February 6 February 6 Modern Steel Structural Co. balance on contract . Modern Steel Structural Co. balance on contract J. E. Simpson, expenses to Chicagro A J.Loveioy, expenses attending: annual meeting- Fred Hethershaw, material and work on booth. ... Fred Hethershaw, supt. mature corn show W. W. Morrow, December Board meeting- C. E. Cameron, December Board meeting R. S. Johnston, December Board meeting C. W. Phillips, December Board meeting W. C. Brown, December Board meeting R. T. St. John, December Board meeting S. B. Packard, December Board meeting T. C. Legoe, December Board meeting M. J. Wragg, December Board meeting John Ledge rwood, December Board meeting M. McDonald, December Board meeting. J W. Wadsworth, December Board meeting O. A. Olson, December Board meeting fi. L. Pike, December Board meeting W. W. Morrow, Executive Com. exp. to Chicago... C. E. Cameron, Executive Com. exp. to St. Louis... M. J. Wragg, itemized bill L. J. Clute, itemized bill W. C. Edinger, framing picture Iowa Telephone Co., telephone charges A. C. Morrison & Co., insurance T.W. Purcell H. E. Talbott, veterinary work .. ■ . Western Union Telegraph Co., telegrams Wilcox, Howell & Hopkins, insurance Mutual Telephone Co., telephone rental R. L. Polk & Co., city directory J. H. Queal & Co., lumber, etc J.T.Fredregill, brick O'Dea Hardware Co., hardware Ben Woolgar, horse shoeing Mathews & Woolgar, itemized bill T H. McBride. itemized bill J. E. Kelley, gate keeper, 1904 Wm. Lamb, police duty, fairl904 C. O. Garrett, work on agr'l exhibit, St. Louis. .. Tri-City Electric Co., itemized bill Postal Telegraph Co , telegrams ... P. G. Holden, expenses annual meeting L. H. Kerrick, expenses annual meeting Jas. H. Deemer, December salary Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll W. C. Brown, special committee work Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll Jas. H. Deemer, January salary — W. C. Brown, special committee work W. W. Morrow, Executive Committee meeting. C. E.Cameron, Executive Committee meeting J. C. Simpson, itemized bill F. J. Ross, manuscript Chicago Daily Drovers Journal, subscript . . . . Chas. A. Laurence, sub. railway guide J. H'. Welch Prtg. Co. envelopes Saver y Hotel Co., itemized bill Wilcox, Howell & Hopkins, insurance L. G. Clute, itemized bill S. Joseph & Sons, silver cup. Blaise & Blaise, reporting annual meeting Hawkeye Press Clipping Co., press clippings 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4'i33 4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347 4348 4349 4350 4351 4302 4353 4354 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360 4361 4362 4363 4364 4365 4366 4367 4368 4369 4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378 4379 4380 4381 4382 4383 4384 4385 4386 4387 63 29 6,71 20.65 27.48 13.^5 10.50. 32.20 38.00 39.80 24 €0 34 20 43. iO. 29 80 34.00 25.60 32. bO 30.50 24.30 12.00 44.00 25.40 60.40 136.25 22.34 4.50 .56 1.00 15.00 1.50 1.59 1S7.50 17.50 5.00 44 60 12 00 26.12 40.25 10.90 1.00 2.60 2.50 12.00 12.96 .85 24.53 37.65 75 00 102.30 •^2.20 81.40 75.00 22.20 24.20 44.00 IS. 15 10.00 4.00 2.0O 24 75 12.50 109.38 5. to 35.00 19.90 20.03. 110 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED IN 1905-CONTlNUED. February 6. . February 6 . February 6 . February 6 . February 6. . February 6 February 6 February 6. February 17 February 18 February 18 February 28 March 3 March 3 March 4 March 13 ... March 17 ... March 17 March 18 March 18 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 25 March 27 April 1 -.. April 1 ... April 1 ... Aprils ... Aprils ... April 10 . April 10. . April 10 . April 15. . April 18. . April 18 April 24 . April 26 . April 26 April 27 . April 29 . April 29 . May 5 . . . May 5 . . May 5. • May 5. . . . May 5. . . . May 5 May 5 May 5. . . . May 5. ... May 5 . .. May 5 May 5.. .. May 5.. .. May 5. . . . May 5. ... May 5.. . . May 5. . . . Buck Bros , paint Glenwood Coal Co., coal J. E. Graft", itemized bill Baker-Trisler Co., stencil paper Regrister & Leader, job printing: Howard Tedford, binding- awards Mutual Terminal Co., telephone tolls Mutual Telephone Co., telephone rental John McKay, postmaster, stamiDS Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll W. C. Brown, special comm. work Jas. H. Deemer, February salary W. W. Morrow, executive comm. meeting C. E. Cameron, executive comm J. C. Simpson, itemized bill of expense Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll Dr. J. C. Rockafellow, services to boy injured at fairof 1904 Mercy Hospital, exp. of boy injured at fair of 1904 .. W. W. Morrow, special comm. work W. C. Brown, special comm. work D. M. Daily News, subscription A. L. Ames, exp. attending- ag-r'l. convention Adams Express Co., express chargres U. S. Express Co., express charg-es American Express Co., express charges Savery Hotel Co., itemized bill Geo. A. Miller Ptg- Co., printing- cards, etc Mutual TerminalTel. Co., toll chargres S. B. Packard, special comm. work Iowa Ptg Co., envelopes Iowa Lithographing Co., 15M letter heads Dempster Mfg. Co., supplies Western Union Tel. Co., telegrams Register & Leader, printing .■ Star Engraving Co., zinc engraving O'Dea Hardware Co., supplies Billboard Pub. Co., sub. and advertising J. A. Backman, ventilators G. W. Deitz, lime J. H. Deemer, pay roll Billboard Pub Co., advertising L. E. Simpson, printing speed program Jas H. Deemer, salary C. E. Cameron, executive comm. meeting W. W. Morrow, executive comm. meeting Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll Wabash Railway Co., frt. on car from St. Louis H. H. Simpson, drawing plans priv. dept C. R. I. & P. Ry. Co , frt. on straw from Menlo W. C. Brown, special comm. work F. M. Barnes, payment on 1905 contract Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll J. C. Simpson, exp. to St. Louis C. E. Cameron, exp. to St. Louis — D. M. Union Ry. Co., frt. on garbage cans Jas. H. Deemer, salary .. .. Elsie Colton, clerical services Adams Express Co., express charges Iowa Telephone Co , toll charges Baker Trisler Co., office supplies Dempster Mfg. Co., office supplies Langan Bros., itemized bill American Exp. Co., express charges Geo. A. Herrington, Horseman's Directory Lord & Woodard, itemized bill Western Union Tel. Co., telegrams Daily Capital, subscription U. S. Express Co., express charges Wheeler Lumber Co., lumber D. M. Fuel & Lime Co., cement Wells Fargo Express Co., express charges Chicago House Wrecking Co., cans Globe Mchy. & Supply Co., packing W.A.Henry, book I 4388 4389 4390 4391 4392 4393 4394 4395 4396 4397 4398 4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 I 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432" 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 4450 J 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 4460 4461 SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED IN 1903-Continued. Ill Date. May 5 . . . May 5.. May 5 May 5 Mayo. ... iMay 5 May 5 Mayo. .. Mays May 10... May 10... May 10. .. May 22. May 22. . . May 22. .. May 27. .. May 29.... Mayai. ... May 31. .. June :i .. . June 3 . . June 5 . . June G .. June 6 ... June 6. . . . June 6. . June 6. . June 6 ... June 6 ... June 6 ... June 6 ... June 6 — June 6... . June 6 ... June 6 June 9 ... June 9 .. June 9. .. June 10 . June 10 .. June 10 . June 10... June 13 June 14 .. June 16... June 16.. . June 19.. June 19 . June 22.. June 22... June 23.. . June 23.. June 26. . June 29... June 29 . June 29... June 30 .. June 30.. June 30... July July July July July July July July July July July J'^ly Tuly ^uly 1 . 3 . 3 ., 5.. 6.. 6 .. 7... 10 . 10.. 11.. 11.. 13.. 17.. . 17.. Standard Glass & Paint Co., oil and lead American Steel & Wire Co., fencing: Pacific Express Co., express charg-es C. & O. W. Ry. Co., frt. on fencing: The Horseman Pub. Co., adv. speed program Mutual Terminal Tel. Co., toll charg:es American Trotting- Res'. Co., year book Iowa Telephone Co., toll char8:es Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll . C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting' — W. W. Morrow, executive committee meeting- O. A. Olson, special committee work J. H. Deemer, paj' roll J. H. Deemer, pay roll J. H. Deemer, hay, straw and g:rainfor forag:e dept. C. R. I. & P. Ry . Co. freig-ht on St. Louis g:oods J. C. Simpson, expenses trip to Chicag:o Jas. H. Deemer, salars' Elsie Colton, clerical services John Wilson, hay for forag-e dept . . Chicag-o House Wrecking- Co., St. Louis g:oods .. John McKay, postmaster, postage Geo. A. Miller Ptg. Co., 5M entry cards Horse Review Co., advertising Star Engraving- Co., cut for year book Western Union Telegraph Co., teleg:rams American Express Co., express charges Savery Hotel Co., itemized bill Western Horseman, advertising Wrag-g- Nursery Co., trees and shrubs Wilcox, Howell & Hopkins, insurance Mutual Telephone Co., telephone rental U.S. Express Co., express charg-es Mutual Telephone Co., toll charg-es Hawkeye Press Clipping, press clippings — John McKay, postmaster, postag:e John McKay, postmaster, postag:e John McKay, postmaster, stamps W. W. Morrow, executive committee meeting- — C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting- — R. T. St. John, special committee work Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll Matt Parrott & Sons, advertising .. — John McKay, postmaster, postage R.S.Johnston, special committee work W. C. Brown, special committee work Harter-Christie Co. insurance D. M Rubber Stamp Works, stamps Jas. H. Deemer, payroll C, R. I. & P. Ry. Co, advance charg:es car. from St. Louis John McKay, Sr. P. M. paid postag:e Sherwin-Williams Paint Co., paint for F. G John McKay, Sr. P.M., postage C. R. I. & P. Ry. Co., frt. on hay John McKay, Sr P. M. postage E. VanHorn, oats for forag-e dept C. E Cameron, executive comm. meeting- W. W. Morrow, executive comm. meeting: J U. Simpson, pay roll sec'ys office Jas H. Deemer, salary — Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll Jas H. Deemer, corn for forage dept C. & N. W. Ry. Co. frt on paint S Kirby & Co., hayfor fair trrounds American Press Co , printing: J. C Simpson, advertising expenses T. W. Purcell Ptg. Jo., printing premium list — Dr C C Shope, ser\ ices attending Harry Hatters Merchants Transfer Co ■ frt and cartag-e Grant Park Green House, flowers for F. G John McKay. Sr. P. M postag:e Wm. Dykeman, advertising- Jas H. Deemer, pay roll 4462 S 90.44 4463 222.40 4464 2.95 4465 36.92 4466 30.60 4467 25 4468 4.00 4469 1.50 4470 304.05 4471 30.00 4472 24.20 4473 27.60 4474 1.00 4475 343.42 4476 283.76 4477 45.46 4478 27.30 4479 75.00 4480 55.00 4481 94.05 4482 1,274.00 4483 50.00 4484 24.75 4485 47.61 4486 54 4487 5.74 4488 35 4489 3.00 4490 19.50 4491 115.15 4492 180.00 4493 17.50 4494 28 4495 80 4496 20.00 4497 18.00 4498 22.00 4499 50.00 4500 24.20 4501 26.00 4502 31.50 4503 340.94 4504 99.96 4505 62.00 4506 27.80 4507 22.20 4508 120.00 4509 1.35 4510 352. 92 4511 15 00 4512 20.00 4513 58 80 4514 40 00 4515 11 64 4516 76 00 4517 46 32 4518 30 00 4519 24.20 4520 72 25 4521 75 00 4522 327.58 1523 24.70 4524 2 81 4525 112.94 4526 82 25 4527 5 75 4528 668.00 4529 18 50 4530 25.61 4531 22 41 4532 50 00 4533 40 00 4534 364 91 112 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED IN 1905-CONTlNUED. July 20 July 20.. July 20 July 22 July 24. July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28.. July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28., July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28., July 28.. July 28., July 28 July 29 . ... July 31 July 31 August 2 August 4 Augusts — Augusts Augusts August 7 August 9 August 9 August 9 August 14. August 14. ... August 14. . . August 14 . . ■ August 15. ... August 15. ... August 16 August 17 August 22. . August 22 August 22 August 23 August 24 August 25. . . . August 25. . . . August 26. . . . August 30 ... August 30. ... August 31 ... August 31. ... August 31 ... August 31 ... August 31.... August 31. September 1 September 1 September 1 September 1 Iowa Pub. Co,, hangers Matt Parrott & Sons, fibre signs John McKay, Sr. P. M , postage. Globe Ticket Co , tickets J.C.Simpson, advertising acct American Trotting Ass'n, annual dues Adams Express Co., express charges American Express Co , express charges Brown & Bigelow, horse covers Byrkit Bros , printing Baker-Trisler Co , office supplies D M. City Ry Co , turnstiles D. M Tank Co , wagon tank .. D. M. Fuel & Lime Co , lime Forest City Summit, envelopes Gray Lithographing Co advertising matter Glenwood Coal Co , coal and cinders Hennegan & Co , adv. hangers — Iowa Pipe & Tile Co , sewer pipe Void Chas. Koenigsberger, supplies itemized Kindlespire & Hannaway, views Miller Prtg Co, printing .., Mutual Ter. Tel. Co , toll charges Mutual Teli^hone Co., phone rent Star Engraving Co , cuts Sherwin-Williams Co., jiaint A A. Smith Ptg. Co. , printing U. S. Express Co. express charges Wells-Fargo Express Co., express charges Western Union Tel Co, telegrams H. L. Wegstem, advertising Whitmer & Kauffman, insurance White Line Transfer Co j dray and cartage.... A A. Smith Ptg Co , printing J. C. Simpson, Secretary, pay roll Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll E. W. Smith & Co., keys for turnstiles Jas. H. Deemer, salary C. E. Cameron , executive committee meeting W W. Morrow, executive committee meeting S. B. Packard, special committee meeting A. B. Curry, oats for F. G Homestead Co., advertising. H. H. Simpson, advertising W. C. Brown, advertising A. W.Deets, advertising Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll . J. S. Simpson, Secretary, advertising John McKay, Sr. P. M. stamps Goldberg & Rissen, straw Register & Leader Co., printing . C. R.I. & P. Ry. Co., freight Chas. Orris, advertising . John Wilson, forage department, hay American Press Co., itemized bill S.W.Wilson, settees for F.G A A. Smith Ptg Co., concert programs Chas. Orris, advertising .J. W. O'Donnell, payment on night show Chas. Weitz' Sons, Grand ave. entrance & bandst'd Geo. A. Miller Ptg. r!o., payment on acct J. W. O'Donnell, second payment on night show .. Jas. E Shelley, special races, U. S. Cav... W. S. Russell, services poultry judge F. M. Barnes, attractions . A. Liberatti, Liberatti's Concert Band F. H. Scribner. judging dairy cattle J. W. O'Donnell, payment on night show F. M. Barnes, attractions J. W. O'Donnell, night show A. Liberatti, second payment on band.. Lem H. Wikw, Indian band O. J. Mooers, exhibition of high school horse 4535 4536 4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542 4543 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 4550 4551 4552 4553 4554 4555 4556 4557 4558 4559 4560 4661 4562 4563 4564 4665 4566 4567 4568 4569 4.570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4581 4582 4583 4584 4585 4586 4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593 4594 4595 4596 4597 4598 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608 SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED IN 1905-Continued. 113 September 1. September 1. September 1 September 1 September l. September 1. September 1 September 1 September 1 September 1. September 1. September 1. September 1. September 1. September 1. September 1. September l. September 1. September 1. September 1. September l. September l. September l. September l. September l. September l. September l. September l. September i.. September l. September l. September.l. Septeinber l. September l.. September l.. September 1.. September 1. September l. September 1. September 1. September l.. September 1. September l. September l. September 1. September l.. September 1. September 1. September l. September 2. September 2. September 2. September 2.. September 2. September 2. September 2. September 2. September 2. September 2. September 2. September 2. September 2. September 2. September 2. September2. September 2. September 2. September 2.. September 2.. September 2. September 2.. September 5. September 5. Beth P. Hosmer, orchestra in stock pavilion J. W. O'Donnell, nlg-ht show J. W. O'Donnell, nig-ht show R. S. Johnston, paj' roll swine department W. C. Brown, pay roll privileg-e department C. W. Phillips, pay roll ticket department D. F. Sheehan, pay roll agricultural department.... T. C. Legoe, pay roll art department Void M. J. Wragg-, pay roll horticultural department G. D. EUyson, pay roll treasurer's department.. .. H. R. Wright, pay roll dairy department Void H. L. Pike, pay roll sheep and poultry departments C. S. Relyea, pay roll press bureau C. E. Cameron, pay roll speed department T. C. Bell, judge horse department Frank C. Byers, services horse department W. A. Dobson, judg-ing horse department R. B. Ogilvie, judging horse department. W. J. Kennedy, judging horse department ... J. C. Simpson, pay roll forage department. W. R. Wilmot, payment on relay race. W. J. Kennedy, judging cattle department C Larson, cattle department. Jas. II. Deemer, pay roll J. C. Simp&uii, secretary, pay roll .. Wayne Dinsmore, cattle department E. T. Robbins, cattle department E. M. Went worth, cattle department Floyd Turk, cattle departinent. . , W. R. Moninger, cattle department C. F. Curtiss, judging cattle department A. A. Armstrong, cattle department W. R. Moninger, cattle department. S. B. Packard, pay roll cattle department ■. Donald Hill, pay roll police department C. H. Turk, pay roll machinery department M. A. Gammill, machinery department O. A. Olson, pay roll gate department F. M. Barnes, payment on attractions Wm. Moore, attraction C. M. Akes, assistant marshal T. J. Hudson, assistant marshal Jas. E. Shelley, special races U. S. Cav Jas. H. Deemer, salary. W. W. Morrow, August board meeting C.E.Cameron, August board meeting J. C. Simpson, board at fair ground R. S.Johnston, August board meeting C. W. Phillips, August board meeting W.C.Brown, August board meeting S. B. Packard, August board meeting. O. A Olson, additional pay roll ' T. C. Legoe, August board meeting M. J. Wragg, August board meeting H. L. Pike, August board meeting W. W. Morrow, Executive committee meeting O. A. Olson, August board meeting John Ledge rwood, August board meeting .. M. McDonald, August board meeting- Mrs. J. B. Essex, salary deceased policeman . . W. R. Wilmot, payment on relay race W. R, Wilmot , payment on relay race R. Waller, assistant marshal . T. C. Legoe, additional pay roll .. Donald Hill, Police department, additional payroll W.H. Knight, Sec. Am. Trotting Ass'n, suspensions W. R. Wilmot, payment on relay race W. R. Wilmot, payment on relay race W. R. Wilmot, payment on relay race W. R. Wilmot, payment on relay race W. R. Wilmot, payment on relay aace W. R. Wilmot, payment on relay race Ed Johnston, special detective work 4609 ■S 100 00 4610 500.00 4611 605 00 4612 94 00 46ia 140 16 4614 194 35 4615 282 45 4616 392.85 4617 000 00 4618 160.00 4619 1 688.30 4620 216.10 4621 000.00 4622 153.05 4623 15:i.00 4624 213.60 4625 100.00 4626 10.00 462V 50.00 4628 100.00 4629 50.00 4630 293.75 4631 23.25 4632 40 00 4633 18 30 4634 102 70 4635 405.25 4636 37.50 4637 13.00 4638 6.50 4639 10.00 4640 52 75 4641 40 00 4642 69.40 4643 40 15 4644 1.00 4645 1479.25 4646 110 35 4647 52.50 4648 900 18 4649 250 00 4650 180. 00 4651 30. oe 46,52 30.08 47.i3 95.08 4954 75.00 4(»5 84.20 4656 78.00 4657 25.00 46.58 87.80 4659 80.00 4660 136.20 4661 73.80 4662 23.25 46«;^ 90 00 4664 81.60 4665 96 00 4666 16 20 4667 91 50 4668 100 70 4669 82 50 4670 20 00 4671 500 00 4672 453 50 4673 30.00 4674 12.00 467o 74.00 4676 39 IS 4677 26.00 4678 125.00 4679 25 00 4680 20 00 4681 27 25 4682 800.00 4683 75.00 114 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED IN 1905-Continurd. Date. To Whom. War- rant'Amount No. I September 5 September 5 September 5 September 5 September 5. September 5 September 5. September s. September 5 September 5 September 5 September 5 September 5 September 6. September 6 September C September 9 September 9 September 11 September 11 September 12 September 12 September 13 September 16 September 19 September 21 September 21 September 21. September21 September 21 September21 September 21 September 21 September21 September 21 September21 September21 September21 September 21. September21. September 21 September 21. September 21 September21. September 21 September 21 September 21 September 21 September21 September21 September 21 September 21 September 21 September 21 September 21 September 21 September 21 September21. September21 September 21 September 21 September21 September2l. September 21. September 2i. September 21. September 21. September 21. September 21. September 21. September 21. September 21. September 21. September 21. Jas. H. Deemer pay roll, Aug-. 12-Sept. 3 Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll, caring-for closets Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll, electric lig-hts J. W. O'Donnell, payment on nig-ht show MissH. E. King-, clerical work, press bureau Miss Jessie Shearer, clerical work, press bureau C. S. Relyea, Superintendent press bureau Louden Mchy. Co., litter carrier barn No 12 F. M. Lail, judge swine department L. H. Roberts, judg-e swine department F. H. Luther, judge swine department W. Z. Swallow, judge swine department C. L. Latham, scaveng-er work ... W. R. Ledgerwood, use of horse in E. L. work M. McDonald, pay roll, horse department G. D. Underwood, police duty W. W. Moore, bill posting Chas. Gray, judging- in cattle department G. W. Farrell, straw C. C. Persons, straw C. G. Morrison, straw ... C. G. Morrison, straw. . . C. & N. W. Ry. Co. freight on settees Mrs. S. L. Ryan, clerical work W. W. Morrow, pay roll W. W. Morrow, executive comm. meeting W. C. Brown, Auditing comm. meeting- C. W. Phillips, Auditing comm. meeting- John Ledgerwood, Auditing comm. meeting. Smith & Wetherell, architects, Gr. Ave. entr J. H. Welch Ptg. Co. printing Geo. A. Miller Ptg. Co. printing Spirit of the West, advertising Wm. Burnett, fire team races G.H.Carter, advertising J. H. Queal & Co., lumber. J. C. Simpson, itemized claims — Wells-Fargo & Co., express charges U. S. Express Co., express charges American Express Co., express charges Adams Express Co., express charges Standard Glass & Paint Co. paint, etc Register & Leader, advertising Register & Leader, cuts D. M. Daily News, advertising D. M. Daily News, cuts, etc J. A. Backman, itemized statement Western Union Tel. Co., telegrams R. S. Johnston, special comm. work The Horse Review Co., advertising Baker-Trisler Co., itemized bills Merchants' Transfer Co. cartage andfrt Midland Electric Co. Supplies C. O. Garrett, bal. on premiums Langan Bros, itemized statements Dempster Mfg. Co.. itemized statements D. M. Flour & Feed Co., Chop, etc D. M. Fuel &LimeCo., itemized statement Iowa Pipe & Tile Co. itemized statement Globe Mchy & Supply Co. itemized statement O'Dea Hardware Co., hardware supplies. Centaur Wire Works, wire work Mrs. G. M. Grimstead, bal. on premiums Perry S. Carter, pump supplies, etc — Wheeler Lumber Co., lumber Miss Olive Clark, bal. on premium^. Leon Brown, advertising D. M. Insurance Co., insurance on stock pavilion. P. D. Breeders Ass'n, refund on special prem Harris Emery Co., itemized bill Brinsmaid & Co., fixtures for hort. deot H. R Wright Supt dairy department D. M. Daily Capital, advertising Savery Hotel Co., exp. guests soldier's day 4684 4685 4686 4687 4688 4689 4690 4691 4692 4693 4694 4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703 4704 4705 4706 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 4714 4715 4716 4717 4718 4719 4720 4721 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726 4727 4728 4729 4730 4731 4732 4733 4734 4735 4736 4737 4738 4739 4740 4741 4742 4743 4744 4745 4746 4747 4748 4749 4750 4751 4752 4753 4754 4755 4756 4757 SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART 1, EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED IN 1905— Coniinued. 115 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 Sedtember 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 Septembers September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September- - September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 Septemper2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 September 2 Septeinber 2.. September 25. September 25. September 25. September 26. J W Patrick, livery soldiers day London Club Stable, horse & bug-g-y, grate dept John T. Christie Co., insurance Mail&Times, advertising- W M. Bomberg-er, refund of admission Witmer & Kautfman, insurance Jas H Ueemer, horse & bug-gry, ticket dept Mid-West Pub. Co., advertising-. .. Hulsizer Co , tree palms Wesley M. E Church, meals for Pella Band Farmers Tribune, advertising- C S. Relyea, supplies for press bureau Risser jiusic Co., rental of piano Valley Jet Dining- Hall, sandwiches for U S. Cav T. C. Leg-oe, special comm work C E Cameron, pay roll speed department .. ... M. J. Wragg-, itemized bill W S. Parker, bill posting Clarence Shivvers, advertising .. D M Ice & Cold Storage Co , ice contract Remington Typewriter Co , paper for press bureau Smith Premier Typewriter Co., machines for press D. M Bridgre & Iron Co , g-ates at Grand Ave .... Wallaces Farmer, advertising Spirit of the West, advertising- Guiberson Costume Co., decorations. Standard Oil Co , oil Younker Bros , itemized bill Iowa Seed Co seed . D Fisher, sawdust . D M Tent & Awning- Co , tents, etc H. S Chase & Co , soap Western Newspaper Union, paper Arthur Frantzen & Co , electrical supplies Sherw'in-Williams Co., paint Stoner Wall Paper Co sig-ns Chas. Koenig-sberg-er, harness repairs, etc F E. Tinkle, services ticket department Miss Pauline Wieland, bal on premiums .... Seick Mfg-. Co , rental of tents, etc Chase & West, furniture for F. G Geo. L Longfshore, lumber. .. Walter A Hunt, door and window stops Mark D Batchelder Co., advertising T. D Doke, chief marshal Wilcox, Howell & Hopkins, insurance Shannon, Mott & Co , feed J. E Graff, drug-s for emerg-ency hospital C. W. Britton, police duty Frank Stuart, police duty W Harvey, refund of coop rent J P. Jackson, special premium .. B T. Wray & Sons, refund of pen rent ... C C Prouty, bal on premiums Miss Belle Hunt, bal on premiums Saunders Pub. Co., advertising- C. E. McCray, signs Iowa Telephone Co., toll charg-es The Horseman Co , advertising: Bishard Bros., printing- Mrs. Susan Tyler, rental of building: on F. G ... Ferguson Printing Co.. printing D. M. Trunk Factory, advertising- trunk The Western Horseman, advertising Byrkit Bros., printing John M. Hatton, advertising W. H. Mart, advertising Helm Mfg. Co. swings for F. G Glenwood Coal Co., coal Mrs. J. H. McRostie. premiums .. P. G. Holden, expense .. T. J. Wornall, judging cattle Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll 4758 4759 4760 4761 4762 4763 4764 4765 4766 4767 4768 4769 4770 4771 4772 4773 4774 4775 4776 4777 4778 4779 4780 4781 4782 4783 4784 4785 4786 4787 4788 4789 4790 4791 4792 4793 4794 4795 4796 4797 4798 4799 4800 4801 4802 4803 4804 4805 4806 4807 4808 4809 4810 4811 4812 4813 4814 4815 4816 4817 4818 4819 4820 4821 4822 4823 4824 4825 4826 4827 4828 4829 4830 36 00 21 00 140 00 25 00 .50 341 25 14 00 10.00 74. 00 16 00 113 40 10 70 6 00 60 00 20 00 2 00 6 20 8 12 1 50 50 00 19 20 5.00 400.00 215 00 50 00 200 00 5.04 18 69 5 85 30 65 43.85 4 65 15.36 21 08 8.25 35 5C 11 05 3 75 .50 230 60 198.00 12.83 6 80 37 00 50 00 366 80 225.40 2 85 3.00 6 00 1 00 5 00 2 00 20 00 4 00 68.60 3.50 11.95 35.50 2.50 15.00 22.50 11.50 53.50 21.25 8.00 2.00 30.00 133.20 15.33 62.92 53.75 276.27 116 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED IN 1906-Cuntinued. Date. To Whom. War- rant No. Amount September 27, September 30, September 30, September 30. September 30. September 30. October 9 October 13.. October 14.. October 20.. October 23 . October 23.. November 1 November 1 November 1 November 8 November 10 November 20 November 20 November 20 November 20 November 20 November 20 November 20. November 20. November 20 November 20. November 20 November 20 November 20 November 20 November 20 November 20. November 20 November 20 November 20. November 20 November 30. November 30 November 30. Geo. H. White, premiums, Jas. H. Deemer, salary Elsie Colton, clerical services Florence Kiefier, bal. on premiums Frantzen & Co., electrical supplies T. E. McCurdy, custodian, iron pipe and flag- cases J. C. Simpson, special comm. work C. W. Britton, hay R. S. Johnston, special comm. work Eben C. McLeod, expense joint agent .. . Jas. H. Deemer, pay roll Mrs. L. Babcock, services police matron W. W. Morrow, special and executive comm. work C. B. Cameron, executive committee meeting. ... Jas. H. Deemer, salary Lester M. Collins, premiums D. C. Glasser, refund on privilege contract T. F. Shannon, views of fair grounds Wheeler Lumber Co., itemized statement . . . J. T. Fredrigill, gravel — Merchants Transfer Co., drayage Hawkeye Transfer Co., itemized bill Mutual Tel. Co., rentals Guinaud-Jones Co., silver cup G. H. Ragsdale & Co., diplomas J. H. Queal & Co., shingles Nichols Roofing Co., itemized bill O'Dea Hardware Co., itemized bill Globe Mchy. & Supply Co., itemized bill Hawkeye Press Clipping Bureau, clippings. Western Union Tel. Co., telegrams Mutual Telephone Co., toll charges Louden Mchy. Co., door hangers U. S. Express Co., express charges Glenwood Coal Co., coal Holmes-Irving Co., medal and silver cups S. Josephs & Sons, silver cup Jas. H. Deemer, salary Elsie Colton, clerical services Buck Bros. Co., itemized bill Total expense warrants issued 1905. 4831 4832 4833 4834 4835 4836 4837 4838 4839 4840 4841 4842 4843 4844 4845 4846 4847 4848 4849 4850 4851 4852 4853 4854 4855 4856 4857 4858 4859 4860 4861 4862 4863 4864 4865 4866 4867 4868 4869 4870 2.00 75.00 60.00 6.00< 107.02 220.00 85.74 85.57 68.20 17.00- 208.29 22.50 36.20 26.00 75.00- 1.00 20.00 49.75 27.00 15 30 8.00 .55 17.50 38.00 47.50' 68.00' 25.00' 10.08 .07 16.00' 3.78 .90- 20.40 .65 10.15 293.00 60.00 75.00 30.00 15.25 $49,716.98. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 117 The Committee on Credentials reported as follows; and on motion of Greo. H. Van Houten the report was adopted and the delegates named therein entitled to a seat in the convention. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS. Delegates to the Agricultui'al Convention, 1905. Adair County Agricultural Society — J. M. Wilson, Menlo. Adams County Agricultural Society — W. J. Drennan, Corning. Bremer County — E. M. Reeves, Waverly. Buena Vista County Agricultural Society — C. E. Cameron, Alta. Black Hawk County Agricultural Society — B. L. Manwell. La Porte City. Cass County Fair Association — E. F. Berg, Atlantic. Cass County Fair Association — Massena District — John Holste, Massena. Cedar County — Ebenezer Fogg, West Liberty. Cerro Gordo County — W. G. Burnap, Mason City. Clayton County Agricultural Society — Strawberry Point District — J. G. Hempel, Elkader. Clayton County — Elkader Fair Association — J. G. Hempel. Elkader. Clarke County — J. H. Jamison, Osceola. Crawford County — I. J. Gibson, Denison. Dallas County — Edward Vial, Adel. Davis County Agricultural Society — J. C. Brouhard, Bloomfield. Decatur County — C. W. Hoffman, Leon. Dubuque County — H. C. Bumgartner, Dubuque. Fayette County Agricultural Society — H. P. Hancock, West Union. Franklin County Agricultural Society — T .W. Purcell, Hampton. Floyd County Agricultural Society — John R. Waller, Rockford. Greene County — Albert Head, Jefferson. Guthrie County Agricultural Society — A. H. Grissell. Guthrie Center. Hancock County Agricultural Society — F. B. Rogers, Britt. Hardin County Agricultural Society — H. S. Martin, Eldora. Harrison County Agricultural Society — C. H. Deur, Missouri Valley. Henry County Agricultural Society — C. M. Clark, Mt. Pleasant. Henry County Agricultural Society — Eastern Iowa District — Theo- dore Russell, Winfield. Humboldt County Agricultural Society — L. C. Trauger. Livermore. Jackson County Agricultural Societj' — C. W. Phillips, Maquoketa. Jasper County Agricultural Society — C. W. Campbell, Newton. Jefferson County Agricultural Society — J. P. Manatrey, Fairfield. , 118 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Keokuk County Agricultural Society — What Cheer District — T. C. Legoe. What Cheer. Lee County Agricultural Society — Chris Haft'ner, Donnellson. Louisa County Agricultural Society — Wapello District — R. S. John- Bton. Columbus Junction. Louisa County Agricultural Society — Columbus Junction District — R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction. Lucas County D. C. Johnson, Chariton. Lyon County — Geo. Monlux, Rock Rapids. Marion County Agricultural Society — Lake Prairie District — T. D. Tice, Pella. Marshall County Agricultural Society — Eden Disti'ict — H. G. Bucli, Rhodes. Monona County — H. L. Pike, Whiting. Montgomery County Agricultural Society — E. M. Murphy, Red Oak. Muscatine County Agricultural Society — Union District — W. H. Ship- man, West Liberty. Muscatine County Agricultural Society — Wilton Junction District — W. H. Shipman, West Liberty. Madison County Agricultural Society — T. J. Hudson, Winterset. Mills County Agricultural Society — Shirley Gilliland, Glenwood. Poweshiek County Agricultural Society — Grinnell Central — S. Jacob, Grinnell. Polk Countj' — Lew Burnett, Des Moines. Sac County — Z. Fuller, Sac City. Scott County — Wesley Greene, Davenport. Shelby County Agricultural Society — L. H. Pickard, Harlan. Sioux County Agricultural Society — J. F. Morris, Ireton. Taylor County — Geo. H. Van Houten, Lenox. Union County Agricultural Society — Creston District — W. W. Morrow, Afton. Warren County — J. A. Manson, Carlisle. Washington County — D. J. Palmer, Washington. Winnebago County Agricultural Society — J. A. Peters, Forest City. Winneshiek County Agricultural Society — Thomas Graham, Decorah. Wright County Agricultural Society — W. C. Brown, Clarion. FARMERS' INSTITUTES. Benton County — Fred McCulloch, Hartwick. Bremer County — E. M. Reeves, Waverly. Buena Vista County — S. R. Hines, Storm Lake. Butler County — George Adair, Shell Rock. Calhoun County— T. AV. McCrary, Rockwell City. Cherokee County — R. Warburton, Cherokee. Clay County — J. S. Walker, Spencer. Dallas County — M. J. Wragg, Waukee. Franklin County — T. W. Purcell, Hampton. Guthrie County — S. J. Reed, Guthrie Center. SIXTH ANNUAL TEAR BOOK — PART I. 119 HancoCk County — F. J. Oxley, Corwith. Hardin County — J. B. Parmalee, Iowa Falls. Ida County — E. Edmundson, Ida Grove. Jefferson County — J. P. Manatrey. Fairfield. Keokuk County — W. S. Chany. Sigourney. Kossuth County — M. D. L. Parsons, Irvington. Mahaska Countj-— T. B. White, Oskaloosa. Marion County — H. Shivvers, Knoxville. Mitchell County^D. ¥. Sheehan, Osage. Monona County — R. W. Cassady. Whiting. O'Brien County — Mrs. W. M. Hulbert, Primghar. Page County — H. H. Hatcher, Shenandoah. .Polk County — Roy West, Bondurant. Shelby County— C. W. Davies, Harlan. Story County — C. W. Mills. Ames. Tama County — Welcome Mowry, Clutier. Union County — W. W. Morrow, Afton. Winnebago County — Eugene Secor, • Forest City. Winneshiek County — W. N. Drake, Decorah. SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. State Horticultural Society — P. F. Kinne, Storm Lake. Improved Live Stock Breeders' Association — E. M. Wentworth. State CditGr STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. EX OFFICIO. State Dairy Commissioner — H. R. Wright, Des Moines. State Veterinarian — P. O. Koto, Forest City. OFFICERS. President — W. W. Morrow. Afton. Vice-President — C. E. Cameron, Alta. Secretary — John C. Simpson, Knoxville. Treasurer — G. D. Ellyson, Des Moines. DISTRICT MEMBERS. First — R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction. Second — C. W. Phillips, Maquoketa. Third — W. C. Brown, Clarion. Fourth R. T. St. John, Riceville. Fifth — S. B. Packard, Marshalltown. Sixth — T. C. Legoe, What Cheer. Seventh — M. J. Wragg, Waukee. Eighth — John Ledgerwood. Leon. Ninth — M. McDonald. Bayard. Tenth — O. A. Olson, Forest City. Eleventh — H. L. Pike, Whiting. O. A. Olson, C. W. Hoffman. Fred McCulloch, Committee on Credentials. 120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The committee on Resolutions made the following report^ and on motion of the Chairman the report was adopted: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Your Committee on Resolutions would most respectfully report the following: We rejoice at the large attendance of the present meeting of this society and the unusual interest manifested in agriculture and its kin- dred interests; we are proud of the magnificent exhibit in corn, the finest, said to be, ever held in the State of Iowa, as well as the fine extensive exhibit of fruits; and the thanks of this convention are hereby extended to the officers of the State Board of Agriculture for theii: efforts in making the present meeting of unusual interest and success; we recognize that our State Agricultural College is doing a grand work, and has not only a national, but an international reputation, and it should receive the liberal and generous support of our legislature. The State Fair is a reflex of the intelligence, thrift and progressive- ness of the people of Iowa, and the efforts of its officers in keeping it in a clean, moral and healthy tone should receive the commendation of all of its patrons. VJhereas, The encouragement of good roads in Iowa is most desir- able and of vast importance to all its citizens; therefore, be it Resolved, That it is the sense of this society that the ensuing legis- lature pass some measure for the encouragement of the use of wagons with wide tires on public highways. Also that the legislature pass a law requiring township trustees to make reasonable compensation to the owner or occupants of the land abutting on highways for work expend- ed upon such portions of the highway during the year, under the direc- tion of the township trustees or road supervisors, and not to exceed fifty per cent of the road tax of such persons in any one year. Resolved, That we recognize the great necessity for a pure food law in this State, and we most earnestly request the members of the ensuing legislature to cause a suitable food law to be enacted, prohibit- ing the adulteration and misbranding of all articles of food and drink for man and domestic animals. Resolved, By the Iowa State Farmers' Institute and the Iowa State Board of Agriculture. That we very much regret to learn of the action of the commission merchants, through their respective live stock exchanges at different markets, providing for an advance in the commission charges for selling stock. The live stock industry at the present time is in no condition to bear an additional tax of any kind whatever, and it seems to us an especially inopportune time for our commission mer- chants to arbitrarily, and, so far as we can see, without good reason, advance their charges. In behalf of the farmers and feeders and live stock shippers of the State of Iowa, these Associations wish to enter a most vigorous protest against the proposed advance and to urge the different live stock exchanges to reconsider their action. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK/ — PART I. 121 Resolved, That we regard the duty of Congress to be imperative in the revival in some form of the principles of reciprocal trade rela- tion as enunciated in Section Four of the Dingley Act. That this is demanded as an act of good faith, and is a necessity for the agricul- tural interests, as well as for a large portion of the manufacturing interests of the country. We believe commerce to be an exchange of commodities. We believe that the doctrine enunciated by Mr. McKinley in his Buffalo speech is absolutely essential to the welfare of the coun- try, and we demand that steps be taken at once to carry out the policy pledged by the Republican party in the Dingley Act to the country at large. We believe that the principles of Section Four of the Dingley Act if enacted into a law would constitute a maximum and minimum tariff, which should be put into force by the executive without further legislation, and we request our representation in Congress to act promptly before irretrievable damage is done in this direction, to the end that we may retain the markets that we now have for all agricul- 'tural products and extend the same throughout continental Europe. All of which is most respectfully submitted. H. P. Hancock, J. F. Morris. R. W. Cassady, Committee on Resolutions. The convention proceeded to the election of the following officers of the State Board of Agriculture for the terms of one year each, and for district members for the terms of two years each : , President, Vice President. Member from the First District, Member from the Third District, Member from the Fifth District, Member from the Seventh District, Member from the Ninth District, Member from the Eleventh District, ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS. Mr. C. W. Hoffman, of Decatur county, placed in nomination for president of the State Board of Agriculture. Hon. W. W. Morrow of Union county, to succeed himself. Mr. Legoe seconded the nomination and moved that the nomination be closed and the secretary be instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Morrow. Motion prevailed. The 122 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. secretar}'- soi cast the vote and Mr. Morrow was declared elected President of the State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing year. Mr. T. W. Purcell, of Franklin county, placed in nomination for vice-president Mr. C. E. Cameron, of Buena Vista county, to succeed himself, and moved it there were no others nomina- tions that the secretary be instructed to cast the unanimous vote of the convention for Mr. Cameron. Motion prevailed. The secretary so cast the vote and ]Mr. Cameron was declared duly elected Vice-President of the State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing year. Mr. D. J. Palmer, of Washington county, placed in nomina- tion for member of the Board from the First District Mr. R. S. Johnston, of Louisa county, to succeed himself, and moved if there were no other nominations that the secretary be instructed to cast the entire vote of. the convention for Mr. Johnston. The secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Johnston was declared duly elected member of the Board of Agriculture from the First District for a term of two years. Mr. B. L. Manwell, of Black Hawk county, placed in nomina- tion for member of the Board from the Third District ]Mr. W. C. Brown,, of Wright county, to succeed himself, and moved if there were no other nominationes that the secretary be instructed to cast the unamimous vote of the convention for Mr. Brown. Motion prevailed. The secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Brown was declared duly elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture from the Third District for a term of two years. Mr. Welcome Mowry, of Tama county, placed in nomina- tion for member of the Board from the Fifth District ]\Ir. S. B. Packard, of Marshall county, to succeed himself. Mr. R. T. St. John of Mitchell county, moved if there were no other nominations that the secretary be instructed to cast the unani- mous vote of the convention for Mr. Packard. Motion pre- vailed. The secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Packard was declared duly elected member of the State Board of Agriculture from the Fifth District for a term of two years. Mr. W. C.Burnap, of Cerro Gordo county, placed in nomina- tion for member .of the Board from the Seventh District Mr. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 123 M. J. Wragg of Dallas county, to succeed himself, which motion was seconded by Mr. Elmer Reeves, of Bremer county. Judge W. H. McHenry, of Pork county, not being a delegate or hav- ing a voice on the floor, asked permission of the chairman to nominate a candidate. Permission being granted, Mr. Mc- Henry nominated Mr. P. S. Kell, of Polk county, as a member of the Board of the Seventh District. Mr. E. M. Wentworth, of Story county, placed in nomination for a member of the Board from the Seventh District Mr. Chas. F. Curtiss, of Story county, which motion was seconded by Mr. Roy West of Polk county, and Mr. Mills of Story county. The President named as tellers Mr. John Ledgerwood, of Decatur county, Mr. H. Shivvers, of Marion county, and Mr. W. H. Shipman, of Muscatine county. The roll was called by the secretary and the vote cast, and the tellers reported the re- sult of the ballot as follows : Total number of votes cast one hundred and eight (io8), of which Mr. M. J. Wragg received forty-three (43) votes, Mr. P. S. Kell received nine (9), and Mr. C. F. Curtis received fifty-six (56).) Mr. Chas. F. Cur. tiss, having received a majority of the votes cast, was declared by the President duly elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture from the Seventh District for a term of two years. Mr. A. H. Grissell, of Guthrie county, placed in nomina- tion for member of the Board from the Ninth District, Mr. M. McDonald of Guthrie county, to succeed himself, wdiich nom- ination fas seconded by Mr. R. S. Johnston, of Louis county. Senator Shirley Gillilland of Mills county placed in nomina- tion for member of the 'Board from the Ninth District, Mr. G. M. Hull, of Montgomery county, which nomination was seconded by Mr. H. P. Hancock of Fayette county. The roll was called by the secretary, the vote cast, and the tellers reported the result of the ballot as follows : Total num- ber of votes cast one hundred and three (103), of which Mr. McDonald received sixty-three (63) and Mr. Hull received forty (40). Mr. Gillilland moved that the election of Mr. McDonald be made unanimous. The president declared Mr. McDonald duly elected a member of the State Board of Agricul- ture from the Ninth District for a term of two vears. 124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE . Mr. R. W. Cassady, of Monona county, placed in nomination for a member of the Board from the Eleventh District, Mr. H. L. Pike, of Monona county, to succeed himself. Mr. Edmund- son of Ida county, seconded the nomination, and moved if there were no other nominations the secretary be instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Pike. Motion pre- vailed. The secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Pike was declared duly elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture from the Eleventh District for a term of two years. There being no further business, on motion the convention adjourned. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 125 MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. THURSDAY, DECEMBER, 14, 1905. Board met at nine o'clock, A. yi., Meeting called to order by the President and on roll call the following members were found to be present: Morrow, Cameron, Simpson, Johnston, Brown, Packard, St. John, Legoe, Curtiss, Lergerwood, McDonald, Pike, Olson and Ellyson. Minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. Mr. Packard moved that the oath of office be administered to the newly elected members. Hon. John Crockett, Clerk of the Supreme Court, was called in and administered the oath of office to Messrs. Morrow, Cameron, Johnston, Brown, Pack- ard, Curtiss, IMcDonald and Pike. The Board proceeded to the election of Secretary and Treasurer. ]\Ir. Packard m.oved that J. C. Simpson be elected Secretary to succeed himself. ^Motion was seconded by ]\Ir. Legoe, who further moved that the President be instructed to :ast the vote of the entire Board for Mr. Simpson for Secretary. The vote was so cast, and the President declared J. C. Simpson elected Secretary for the ensuing year. Mr. Ledgerwood placed in nomination for Treasurer ]\Ir. G. D. Ellyson to succeed himself, and moved that the salary be fixed at $100,00, which motion was seconded and the President instructed to cast the vote of the Board for Mr. Ellyson. The vote was so cast and yir. Ellyson was declared duly elected Treasurer of the State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing year. The Secretary presented a bill of $40.00, filed by Mrs. Lucile Eichenlaub, of Ft. Dodge, Iowa, for the loss of a table cloth ex- hibit by ]\Iiss Carrie Newberry, which had been exhibited and lost at the last State Fair. Mr. Legoe moved that the bill be allowed, which motion was seconded by Mr, McDonald. Mr. 126 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cameron moved to amend by making the amount $25.00 instead of $40.00, which amendment was seconded by Mr. Packard, and on roll call the amendment prevailed. Secretary presented a letter from Miss Margaret Getts of Cascade, Mont., regarding the award of a gold medal at the last State Fair for riding in Ladies Relay Race. No action was taken. Secretary read the report of the Executive Committee making recommendations and reviewing the business which had been transacted by them during the past year, and on motion of ]\Ir. Packard the report was received and placed on file for further consideration. REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. To The Honorable Members of the State Board of Agricultural Gentlemen: — As your Executive Committee, we feel it our duty to malve report to you on the work delegated to us at our meeting one year ago, and to bring to your attention some matters of importance which should have your careful consideration at this meeting. .Your committee endeavored, in so far as possible, to carry out the instructions of the Board for the past year in the improvements and work at the Fair Grounds, and in arranging a program and selecting such attractions for the last State Fair that would meet with your approval. As shown by the Secretary's financial statement, about $12,000.00 was expended for improvements and repairs on the Fair Grounds the last year. As per resolution of the Board, passed at their last meeting during the Fair of 1904, all cinders that could be obtained, wathout too great an expense, were secured and placed on the streets. Three large ventilators were placed upon the agricultural building and a music balcony constructed in the interior, together with some minor improvements, such as tables and railings for the different depart- ments therein. The forage barn was torn down and rebuilt near the south entrance, so that it would be more accessible to the stock barns. The balance of the high board fence along the front of the grounds was replaced by a seven foot \\-oven wire fence, as was also the fence run- ning east from the south gate to the corner near the old dairy build- ing. As you are aware, when the agricultural, horticultural and dairy building was constructed, the old dairy building was assigned to the Privilege Department to be used as a dining hall. To this was added SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 127 a kitchen and other changes enlarging the capacity about one-fourth. The art building was removed from in front of the women=' building and set in the angle at the southeast corner of the exposition build- ing. At the suggestion of the Board, some landscape gardening was done and quite a large number of trees set out. Two additional rooms for hospital purposes were added to the women b' building, and quite a little painting was done on the building over the grounds. The entrance at the amphitheater was changed, registering turnstiles \\ere put in, the front aisle in the west stand was widened and a new floor laid. The entrances at the street car station and Capital Avenue were also remodeled and turnstiles put in. Some curbing and guttering was done along the north side of Grand Avenue to better care for the water coming from off the hill, it being impossible to keep the streets from being torn up without this cui'b and gutter; the walk put down on the west side of Rock Island Avenue and to the womens' building. An addition was made to the Secretary's office, to afford a more cen- tral office for the President and a room for Board and committee meet- ings. Some additional hog pens were built, and the old poultry build- ing enlarged and converted into a cattle barn with room for ninety-six head of cattle. Several stock barns were reshingled, and other improve- ments made to put them in shape for the Fair. An imposing entrance was constructed at Grand Avenue, and other improvements and repairs of a minor nature made, all of which go to make up the $12,000.00 which was expended for that purpose last year. As to the work for the new year, we can only give you some idea of the amount of money which will be available for improvements and repairs and call your attention to the many improvements needed. In doing this we will give you a list, (to which should be added any others that may be suggested by the members of the Board), that will amount in the whole to more than double the funds that will be available. Pre- suming that you still desire to continue the emergency fund of $15,000.00, this amount will first have, to be deducted from the cash on hand, as w^ill also the sum of about $5,000.00 to pay the contingent expenses until the next Fair. This will leave a balance of about $20,000.00, in round numbers, available for improvements and other work. In the list submitted below yon will notice one item of $8,100.00 for water supply. This is the estimate which the Secretary has on file from the "Water Works Company of the cost of laying about 7.500 feet of six and eight inch mains, about fifteen or sixteen fire hydrants, and other work and material incidental to this. We believe that some fire protection should be provided, but believe this is a matter which should properly come by an appropriation from the State. We call your attention to the matter of remodeling the exposition building. In our opinion it will be several years before a new build- ing is erected, and some changes should be made which will make it a more modern exposition building. The need of another sanitary closet near the camp grounds northeast of the exposition building is very great and should be erected without further delay. Another cattle barn 128 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of about the capacity of the two large barns we now have is needed. The fence along the north and south side of the grounds should be rebuilt. About $3,000.00 should be appropriated for a miscellaneous improvement fund, to provide a fund for matters coming up during: the season which we cannot foretell at this time. The question of more light should be considered, either by running in the city gas mains and using the gas for street lights and our own light for buildings and the night show, or increasing the capacity of the present lighting plant, or by an arrangement with the Des Moines Edison Light Company (if such an arrangement can be made) to put in a lead to the Fair Grounds which would be of sufficient capacity to about double our present number of lights. Now as to what new buildings and improvements you will ask from the coming session of Legislature, that will be for you gentlemen to say. A new hog barn has been suggested, and we might say contem- plated for two or three years. A building in which to exhibit the pro- ducts of the Iowa factories is being urged by the Iowa Manufacturers Association. A larger and fire proof amphitheater has been suggested, as well as an appropriation sufficient to cover the expenses of the water supply for fire protection. The matter of attractions should have your careful consideration, and whether or not j'ou wish to continue the night show. Another question which you will be called upon to decide is what dates you desire for the next Fair, and whether you wish to have the Fair extend over two weeks. This matter should be settled at this meeting, before our representative meets with the American Associa- tion of Fairs and Expositions at Chicago on the 20th of this month, at which time and place the several state fair dates will be arranged. We believe that the rules in our premium list should be thoroughly revised and brought up to date before being published in the next premium list, and that a committee should be appointed for this purpose. SCHEDULE OF PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS FOR FAIR GROUNDS. Remodeling Eposition Building by putting in cases, ceiling- putting on drop siding, etc $6,000.00 Water supply 8,100.00 Dining halls (to utilize lumber from amphitheater should new amphitheater be erected 5,000.00 Gas Mains 4,000.00 Miscellaneous improvements and repairs 3,000.00 Cattle barn 3,000.00 Sanitary closet 3,000.00 New fencing (an absolute necessity) 2,500.00 Lighting (if capacity of present plant is Increased) 2,500.00 Walks 1,200.00 Curbing and guttering 1,000.00 SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 129 Fire station 1,000.00 Telephone system 600.00 Sewers and drainage 500.00 Street improvement 600.00 If;e Box in Dairy Department 500.00 Expense of talcing down amphitheater, if new one is erected. . . 1,000.00 Booth in Dairy Department 300.00 Lowns seats 400.00 Landscape gardening 400.00 Total $44,600.00 Respectfully submitted, W. W. MOEBOW, C. E. Cameron, J. C. Simpson, Executive Committee. Mr. Johnston moved that G. C. Fuller be elected Assistant Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture to succeed himself. Motion prevailed, and Mr. Fuller was declared duly elected Assistant Secretary for the ensuing year. Mr. Cameron moved that Mr. James H. Deemer be elected Superintendent of Grounds to succeed himself for the ensuing year, and that the salary be fixed at $900.00 per year, which motion prevailed and Mr. Deemer was declared duly elected Superintendent of Grounds for the ensuing year. Mr. Cameron moved that a new department be created, to be called Department of Police Regulations, the Superintendent of which should have charge of all the marshals and police dur- ing the fair, which motion prevailed. Board adjourned. AFTERNOON SESSION. Board met at i 45 P. M., with all members present. A committee of Des Moines business men appeared before the Board and had a hearing with reference to changing the time of holding the fair to a later date and holding a two weeks fair. >-^ A committee representing the Iowa Manufacturers Associa- tion appeared before the Board and presented the matter of the necessity of a new Manufacturers Building on the Fair grounds. 1^0 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Cameron moved that Mr. J. R. Sage, Director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service be recommended to the Gover- nor for reappointment at the expiration of his present term. Motion prevailed. Mr. Packard moved that the assignment of Superintendents of Departments be referred to the Executive Committee. Motion prevailed. The advisability of continuing the night show^ was discussed at length, and on motion of Mr. Legoe it was decided to be the unanimous opinion of the Board that a night show of some kind should be provided at the Fair of 1906. Mr. Ledgerwood moved that the Board proceed to the election of four marshals, and that the salary for each be $35.00. Motion prevailed. Mr. C. M. Akes of Decatur county, Mr. T. D. Doke of Daivs county, Mr. John R. Wallace of Floyd county, Mr. Carl Shields of Union county and Mr. T. J. Hudson of Madison County were nominated. The President appointed as tellers Mr. Olson and Mr. Ledgerwood, and the Board proceeded to ballot, the four receiving the highest number of votes to be declared elected. The ballots were cast and counted, the vote being as follows: Hudson 13; Shields 13; Akes 12; Dokei2; Walker 2. Messrs. Hudson, Shields, Akes and Doke, having received the highest number of votes, were declared elected marshals for the Fair of 1906. On motion of Mr. McDonald, Mr. Donald Hill, of Buena Vista county, was elected Chief of Police for the Fair of 1906. On motion the Board adjourned to meet at 9:30 A. M. Fri- day, December 15th. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 131 MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. FRIDAY, DECEMBER, 15, 1905. Board met at 9 :30 A. M. pursuant to adjournment. Minutes of the meeting of Dec. 14th were read and approved. On roll call the following members were found to be present : Morrow, Cameron, Simpson, Johnston, Brown, St. John, Packard, Legoe, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike and Wright. The bill of Mrs. Mary Watts, claiming damages sustained to dining hall and contents by reason of the removal of same by the Board on the Fair Grounds, was presented. Mr. Ledger- wood moved that the bill be rejected. Seconded by Mr. Brown. Motion carried. The Executive Committee made the following report on the assignment of Superintendents. Superintendent of tickets C. W. Phillips Superintendent of gates '. O. A. Olson Superintendent of privileges W. C. Brown Superintendent of grounds Jas. H. Deemer Superintendent of police regulations M. McDonald Superintendent of horses C. F. Curtiss Superintendent of speed C. E. Cameron Superintendent of cattle S. B. Packard Superintendent of swine R. S. Johnston Superintendent of sheep and poultry H. L. Pike Superintendent of machinery John Ledgerwood Superintendent of agriculture, pantry stores and apiary . .R. T. St. John Superintendent of dairy and dairy implements H. R. Wright Superintendent of horticulture Elmer Reeves Superintendent of floriculture '. Wesley Greene Superintendent of exposition building T. C. Legoe Mr. Johnston moved that the report be accepted. Seconded by Mr. Pike. Motion carried. The Executive Committee made the following report on Stand- ing Committees. Executive Committee— W. W. Morrow, C. E. Cameron, J. C. Simpson. 132 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Auditing Committee — John Ledgerwood, C. W. Phillips, W. C. Brown. Committee on Resolutions — R. T. St. John, M. McDonald, T. C. Legoe. Powers and Duties of Board — Governor Albert B. Cummins, W. W. Morrow, C. B. Cameron. Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and Other Products — S. B. Packard, C. F. Curtiss, H. R. Wright. Dairy Industries and Products, Including Fraudulent Imitations Thereof— H. R. Wright, O. A. Olson, T. C. Legoe. Contagious Diseases Among Domestic Animals — P. O. Koto, R. S. Johnston, H. L. Pike. Iowa Weather and Crop Service — J. R. Sage, Director. The matter of increased lighting faciHties at the Fair Grounds was discussed at length, and on motion of Mr. Legoe, it was referred to the Executive Committe for final decision. Secretary presented a schedule, or estimate, for laying water mains on the Fair Grounds, and on motion of Mr. Legoe, the question of water ^supply was referred to the Executive Com- mittee. On motion of Mr. McDonald, seconded by Mr. Brown, fif- teen thousand dollars ($15,000), of the cash in hands of the Treasurer on December ist, 1905, was set aside as an emer- gency fund. A committee of the East Des Moines Commercial League ap- peared before the Board and asked for the use of the Fair Grounds for the annual meeting of the Dunkard Church some- time during the month of June, 1907, and on motion the matter was left toi the Executive Committee to make such arrangements as they thought best. The question of what appropriation to ask from the Thirty- first General Assembly was discussed at great length. The urgent need of a hog barn, amphitheater, horse barn, manufactur- ers building and implement shed was urged by several members of the board. It was finally agreed, that, owing to the fact that the Thirty-second General Assembly would meet one year from this winter, it would not be wise toi ask too great amount from the present General Assembly, as they would have only one-half the usual amount to appropriate for extraordinary purposes. This being the case, it was agreed that but one building should be asked for, and on motion of Mr. Packard, a vote was taken as to whether the Board should ask for an amphitheater or a hog SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 133 barn. The Secretary called the roll and the vote stood as fol- loAvs: For the amphitheater: Morrow, Cameron, Packard, Led- gerwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike and Wright ; for the hog barn ; Simpson, Johnston, Brown, St. John and Legoe. The majority of the Board having voted in favor of asking for an amphitheater at this session of the legislature, the Executive Committee was instructed to have plans and specifications prepared for a steel or concrete amphitheater, and to use their discretion for prefer- ence ; also to prepare the necessary bill for introduction. JMr. St. John moved that the Executive Committee be author- orized to make necessary improvements on the Exposition Building, in a sum not to exceed six thousand dollars ($6,000). Motion prevailed. ■ Mr. Legoe moved that the Executive Committee be instructed to provide for the erection of a new cattle barn, at a cost not to exceed three thousand dollars ($3,000). Motion prevailed. On motion of Mr. Packard, three thousand dollars ($3,000) was appropriated for miscellaneous improvements. Mr. Wright moved that eight hundred dollars ($800) be appropriated for placing an ice box and other improvements in the Dairy Department of the Agricultural, Horticultural and Dairy Building. Motion prevailed, Mr. Brown moved that three thousand dollars ($3,000), or so much thereof as may be necessary', be appropriated for improvements in the Swine Department. Motion prevailed. Mr. St. John, Chairman of the Committee on Resolutions, submitted the following and moved its adoption, which motion prevailed : RESOLUTION ON THE DEATH OF FORMER MEMBER OF STATE BOARD DANIEL SHEEHAN. Whereas, The Supreme Master has called from labor to rest our friend and former colleague, Daniel Sheehan, who for many years was an honored member of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture, and who at one time was president of the Live Stock Breeders Association of Iowa, and was an active member of the Iowa State Dairy Association, and one of the pioneers in the creamery industry of this State, and a prominent Short Horn Breeder ; therefore be it 134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Resolved, That while we deplore his loss we appreciate the services he has rendered to the Iowa State Fair, and the other prominent associations with which he was prominently connected and by these persents do perpetuate his memory by causing the same to be placed upon the records of this Department of State, and by causing a copy of same to be forwarded to his rela- tives. R. T. St. John, T. C. Legoe, M. McDonald. Committee on Resolutions. Mr. Legoe moved that all money not heretofore appropriated be placed in the miscellaneous fund, to be expended under the direction of the .Executive Committee. Motion seconded by Mr. Brown. Carried. Mr. Olson moved that the revision of the rules in the premium list be left to the Executive Committee with power to act. Seconded by Mr. Brown. Motion carried. Board adjourned until 1 130 P. M. AFTERNOON SESSION. Board met at i :30 P. M., pursuant to adjournment, and on roll call the following members were found to be present: Mor- row, Cameron, Simpson, Johnston, Phillips, Brown, St. John, Packard, and Wright. The Executive Committee announced its decision to allow the use of the Fair Grounds for the Dunkard Church meet- ing in June, 1907, on the condition that . the church pay all expenses for light, water, cleaning up the grounds, etc. Decision approved by the Board. Mr. Legoe moved that twenty-five policemen be selected in the same way as the gate men, for the Gate Department, and that they report to Superintendent of States direct and be under his supervision during the Fair. Seconded by Mr. Packard. Motion carried. Mr. LedgerwoO'd moved that each member of the Board appoint for the next fair three policemen, no^ne of whom shall be SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 135 over fifty years of age; and that the Secretary and Treasurer appoint five men, who- shall be mounted police. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. McDonald moved that the revision of the premiums and rules in the Horse Department delegated to the Secretary and the Superintendent of the department which motion was duly seconded and carried. Mr. Packard moved the following revision in Department C, in general classes for Short Horns, Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus and Galloway cattle: strike out "bull calf under one year" and insert in lieu thereof: Senior bull calf (dropped between Sept. 1, 1905, and Jan. 1, 1906) $15 $10 $7 $5 $3 ?2 Junior bull calf (dropped since Jan. 1, 1906)... $15 $10 $7 $5 $3 $2 Strike out "heifer calf under one year" and insert in lieu thereof: Senior heifer calf (dropped between Sept. 1, 1905, and Jan. 1, 1906) $15 $10 $7 $5 $3 $2 Junior heifer calf (dropped since Jan. 1, 1906).. $15 $10 $7 $5 $3 $2 Mr. Packard moved that the amendment be adopted. Second- ed by Mr. Wright. Motion carried. Mr. Packard moved that a class for Dutch Belted cattle be added in the dairy classes, and that the premiums be the same as offered in the Polled Durham class, amounting to four hundred and ten dollars ($410.00), same to be void if less than three herds are exhibited. Seconded by Mr. Wright. On roll call the members voted as follows : Aye : Cameron, Johnston, Phillips, Packard, Legoe, Ledger- wood, Olson, Pike and Wright. No : St. John, McDonald. Motion carried. Mr. Packard moved that Class 32 for Grand Beef Herd be discontinued. Seconded by Mr. Johnston. Motion carried. Mr. Packard moved that the Secretar}^ be instructed to send the following reply to the Committee on Special Premiums of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America : 136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. W. B. Barney, Chairman, Hampton, Iowa. Dear Sir: — We, the State Board of Agriculture, decline to increase the premiums in the Holstein class of cattle in consideration of the fact that the finan- cial condition of the Department does not warrant the increase. The Board suggests that if you will add your $500.00 to our prem- iums that the same will be larger than the Wisconsin premiums with yours added last year. Respectfully, Iowa State Board of Agriculture. which motion was seconded by Mr, McDonald, and carried : Mr. Reeves, Superintendent of Horticulture, recommended the following changes in premiums in Department L, Horticulture: Class 100, Premium No. 1072, to read as follows: No. 1072. Collection, not less than twenty varieties nor more than fifty ?25 $15 $10 Class 101, No. 1077. Collection, not less than twenty varie- ties nor more than fifty $25 $15 $10 Class 102, No. 1082. Collection, not less than twenty var- ieties nor more than fifty $25 $15 $10 Classes 105, 106 and 107. Premiums to be limited to thirty plates each. Class 108, No. 1099. Open to the state; any and all kinds of fruits correctly named may enter in this exhibit, the object being to get a large display of different varieties and kinds of fruits $50 $30 $20 $10 Class 109, No. 1102. Collection of pears, not less than fifteen varieties $15 $10 No. 1102. Cut out the words "seedlings may be entered" and add prem- ium on: Best seedling pear, if worthy $5 Class 112. Assume the premiums offered by the Horticultural Society, and change date 1900 to 1904. Mr. Simpson moved that the changes recommended by Mr. Reeves be adopted. Motion carried. Mr. Green, Superintendent of Floriculture, recommended addi- tional premiums in that Department for cut flowers in the pro- fessional class, amounting to $200. Mr. Ledgerwood moved the adoption of the suggestions, which was seconded by Mr. McDon- ald, and carried. Mr. Green, representing the State Horticultural Society, appeared before the Board and asked whether or not the Depart- SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 137 ment of Agriculture would be in favor of ceding to the State Horticultural Society a portion of the land owned by the Depart- ment lying east of the Fair Grounds to be made into an arbore- tum. Mr. St. John moved that the Board reject the proposition of the Horticultural Society, for the reason that by an act of the Legislature the land is already in the hands of the Executive Council to sell, the proceeds of which shall be. used to purchase additional land for the Fair Grounds in a more accessible loca- tion. Seconded by Mr. Ledgerwood. Carried. Mr. Johnston moved that classes he added in the Swine Department for Large Yorkshire and Tamworth hogs, premiums to amount to $500.00, and that the 4th and 5th money premiums in the Berkshire class be discontinued. Seconded by Mr, Brown Motion carried. Mr. Pike moved that the premiums in the Iowa Shropshire class be increased to $8, $6, $4, $2 and $1, and that two ribbon prizes be added, a total increase of $48.00. Second by Mr. Brown. Carried. Mr. Pike moved that premiums in Department "E" offered for Iowa classes should be made to read, "sheep owned and bred in Iowa.'' Seconded by Mr. Phillips. Motion carried. Mr Pike moved that the flock prizes be made to read as fol- lows : "One ram any age ; one ewe two years old or over ; one ewe one year old and under two ; one ewe lamb." Motion sec- onded and carried. Mr. Ledgerwood moved that Rule 11, Department E, be changed to read as follows : "Where there is but one exhibitor in a ring two premiums only may be awarded" Seconded b}^ Mr. Pike. Motion carried. Mr. Pike moved that additional prizes be allowed in the Poultry Department, amounting to $160.00. Seconded by Mr. Olson. Motion carried. Mr. St. John moved that Premium No. 908, Class 78, be made to read : "Six ripe cucumbers." Motion seconded and carried. Mr. St. John moved that Class 80 be made to read, "Sweep- stakes," instead of "Display of vegetables." Mr. St. John moved that additional premiums amounting to $75.00 per district be made for county exhibits. Seconded by Mr. Wrisrht. ]\Iotion carried. 138 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Ledgerwood moved that a Committee on Per Diem and Mileage be appointed. Seconded by Mr. Pike. Carried. The President appointed as such committee Messrs. Ledgerwood, Pike and Olson. Mr. Legoe moved that the revision of premiums in Depart- ment "N" be delegated to the Secretary and the Superintendent of the Department. Seconded by Mr. McDonald. Motion carried. Mr, St. John moved that Rule 12, page 10, of the premium list be revised to read as follows : "No exhibit can be taken away from the grounds before four o'clock p. m. on Friday of the Fair, without permission of the President recommended by the Super- intendent of Department." Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Packard submitted the following report of the Committee on the Adulteration of Foods : REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATIONS OF FOODS. SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS, AND LEGISLATIVE ENACT- MENT RECOMMENDED. To J. C. SIMPSON, Secretary Department of Agriculture: Sir — The committee on the adulteration of foods, seeds, and other products beg to submit the following report: The law requiring this investigation is included in Section Six (6) of the acts creating the State Board of Agriculture, as follows: "It shall be the duty of the board * * * * to investigate * * * the adulteration of foods, seeds and other products, and to report the results of the investigation, together with recommendations of remedial measures for the prevention of damage resulting therefrom." The committee engaged the services of the chemist of the Experiment Station of the Iowa State College, Professor J. B. Weems, to make an analysis of the common foods, a list of which will be found appended, to ascertain the extent of the adulteration, the character thereof, whether deleterious or simply fraudulent with intent to lessen the value of the product without making it unwholesome. The report of the chemist is submitted herewith. Later an arrangement was made with Professor C. N. Kinney, of Drake University, for analysis of foods submitted to him, and the results of his work are also shown herewith. Your committee has made a careful study of the testimony taken by the committee of Congress, which has had the subject of a pure food law, under consideration for ten years, in respect to the adulteration, mis- branding and imitation of foods, beverages, drugs, and other products, and even the most casual inquiry into the subject of the extent of adul- terations leads to the conclusion that they are the rule and not the exception. Lard and sausages of various kinds are almost never true to name and seldom without adulterations. Syrups are largely mixed, though sold as SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 139 pure. Candies, extracts and flavoring matter of all kinds carry injur- ious ingredients to an alarming extent. Oysters are universally pre- served for shipment. Vinegars are sold as cider vinegars, though largely distilled from grains. Jellies, jams and similar goods are usually made vv^ith a glucose filler. The same is true of honey and sorghums. Buck- wheat flour is almost never pure. Catsups and a large list of prepared foods are colored to cover up inferior stock, and preserved with a chemi- cal that is in most cases deleterious to health. Sugars are adulterated, as are other sweets, by the use of glucose, or corn sugar. Mustards and ground spices of almost every variety are fruitful sources of profit to the adulterator of foods. Together with the reports of the chemist mentioned above, will be found a list of articles adulterated and their adulterants, taken from a Congressional report. The states around us have food laws that are more or less affective, and from personal investigations and conversations with the officials of these states and with the salesmen in this and other states, your com- mittee is convinced that Iowa is the dumping-ground for the impure foods driven out of other states. Legislation to protect our people is urgently needed, and with the co-operation of Senator B. W. Newberry, of Clayton county, and Representative B. F. Cummings, of Marshall county, your committee has prepared a bill to cover the situation. This bill is sub- mitted for j'our consideration, with the recommendation that, if approved, the bill be transmitted to the Governor with the request that he recommend the measure in his message to the General Assembly. COPY OF IOWA STATE PURE FOOD LAW. As Enacted by the 31st General Assembly, Feb., 1906. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa: Section 1. The State Dairy Commissioner shall, by this act, become the State Food and Dairy Commissioner, and shall, on and after taking effect of this act, have all the powers, compensations and allow- ances, and shall be charged with all the duties now imposed by law upon the State Dairy Commissioner. Sec. 2. In addition to his powers and duties as provided in section one (1) hereof, the commissioner shall be charged with the duty of carrying into effect the provisions of this act and shall have an official seal. He maj'', with the approval of the Executive Council, appoint such assistants as he may deem necessary, who may exercise the powers now provided by law in the case of milk inspectors, together with those con- ferred by this act. They shall be paid not to exceed five dollars a day Note. The bill as herewith printed is the orig-inal bill as drawn by the pure food committee, with amendments adopted by the Thirt5^-First General Assembly, and passed by unamious vote of both branches of the legislature and sig-ned by the Governor. The bill becomes operative July fourth, and under its provisions the State Dairy Commissioner becomes the "State Food and Dairy Commissioner" for the State of Iowa. Much credit for the passage of this bill is due to Hon. S. B. Packard, chairman of the Pure Food Committee of the State Board of Agriculture: to Dairy Commissioner H.R.Wright, Sen- ator B. W. Newberry and Hon. B. F. Cummings, the last two named gentlemen having charge of the measure in their respective branches of the legislature. Advocates of pure food legislation owe to all these gentlemen a debt of grati- tude for their efforts in securing the passage of this hill.— Editor. 140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. when on duty, besides their actual and necessary traveling expenses when traveling under orders. Their accounts shall be itemized and sworn to, and, when approved by the Commissioner and the Executive Council, shall be paid by warrant of the auditor upon the treasurer out of the sum hereinafter appropriated for carrying out the provisions of this act. The commissioner shall receive five hundred dollars annually in addition to tne salary now received by the State Dairy Commissioner. Sec. 3. The commissioner shall, with the approval of the Executive Council, appoint a chemist, who shall be the official chemist under this act, who shall devote his whole time to the duties of such office. He shall receive a salary of two thousand dollars per year, to be paid in the same manner as the salaries of other state officers. He shall make all the examinations necessary in enforcing the provisions of this act, and shall be furnished necessary laboratory, apparatus, supplies and chemicals to be paid for in the same manner as the accounts of assistants. Sec. 4. The Commissioner shall, with the approval of the Executive Council, make all necessary rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of this act, under which the commissioner shall procure from time to time or whenever he has occasion to believe any of its provis- ions are being violated, or cause to be procured, for examination chemi- cally, microscopically or otherwise, samples of food shipped into this state or offered for sale in this state. The chemist making the examination shall certify the results of his work to the Commissioner. Sec. 5. If it shall appear from any such examination that any of the provisions of this act have been violated, the Commissioner shall at once certify the facts to the proper county attorney, with a copy of the results of the analysis, duly authenticated by the analyst under oath. It shall be the duty of every county attorney to whom the commissioner or his assistants shall report any violation of this act. to cause proceedings to be commenced and prosecuted without delay for the fines and penalties in such case provided. An attorney may be appointed by the governor when he deems advisable, to prosecute such cases, where the county attorney refuses to act. Sec. 6. No person, firm or corporation, by himself, officer, servant or agent, or as the officer, servant or agent of any other person, firm or corporation, shall manufacture or introduce into the state, or solicit or take orders for delivery, or sell, exchange, deliver or have in his posses- sion with the intent to sell, exchange or expose or offer for sale or exchange, any article of food which is adulterated or misbranded, within the meaning of this acl. Provided, that none of the penalties set forth in this act shall be imposed upon any common carrier for introducing into the state, or having in its possession any adulterated or misbranded articles of foor, where the same were received by said carrier for trans- portation in the ordinary course of its business and without actual knowledge of the adulteration or misbranding thereof. Provided, that any manufacturer, wholesaler or jobber may keep goods specifically set apart in his stock for sale in other states, which might otherwise be in violation of the provisions of this act. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. I4l Sec. 7. The word "commissioner/' whenever used in this act, shall be taken to mean the State Food and Dairy Commissioner herein provided for. The word "food," as herein used, shall include all articles used for food, drink, confectionary or condiment, by any man or domestic animals, whether simple, mixed or compound. The term "misbranded" as herein used, shall apply to all articles of food, or articles which enter into the composition of food, the package or label of which shall bear any statement regarding the ingredients or substances contained in such article, which statement shall be false or misleading in any particular and to any food or product which is falsely branded as to the state or country in which it is manufactured or produced, or shall bear any false statement regarding the net weight or quantity contained in the package. Sec. 8. For the purpose of this act, an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated: First, If any substance or substances has or have been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce or lower, or injuriously affect its qual- ity, strength or purity. Second, If any substance or substances has or have been substituted wholly ^or in any part for the article. Third, If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted. Fourth, If it be in imitation of, or offered for sale, under the specific name of another article. Fifth, If it be mixed, colored, powdered or stained, in a manner whereby damage or inferiority is concealed. Sixth, If it contains any added poisonous ingredients, or any ingredi- ent which may render such article injurious to health, or if it contains saccharine or formaldehyde. Seventh, If it be labeled or branded so as to deceive or mislead the purchaser, or purport to be a foreign article when not so. Eighth, If it consist of the whole or any part of a diseased, filthy, decomposed or putrid animal or vegetable substance, or any portion of an animal unfit for food whether manufactured or not, or if it is the product of a diseased animal, or one that has died otherwise than by slaughter; provided, that an article of food which does not contain any added poisonous or deleterious ingredient shall not be deemed to be adulterated in the following cases: 1. In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be now or from time to time hereafter known as articles of food under their own distinc- tive names and not included in definition fourth of this section; pro- vided that candies and chocolates shaU be deemed to be adulterated if they contain terra alba, barytes. talc, chrome yellow, or other mineral substances, or poisonous colors or flavors, or other ingredients deleter- ious or detrimental to health; provided, that in case of baking powders, each can or package shall be plainly labeled so as to show the name of each and every ingredient contained therein. 142 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2. In the case of ailicles labeled, branded or tagged, so as to plain- ly indicate that they are mixtures, compounds, combinations, imitations or blends, provided that the same shall be labeled, branded or tagged, so as to show the exact character and constituents thereof; and provided further that nothing in this act shall be construed as requiring or com- pelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprietary foods which contain no unwholesome added ingredients to disclose their trade formulas, except in so far as the provisions of this act may require to secure free- dom from adulterations or imitation. Sec. 9. Labels required by this act shall be distinctly printed in the English language in legible type no smaler than brevier heavy gothic caps, and shall be placed upon the outside of each package and contain the name and address of the manufacturer, packer or dealer, and the words, "This (followed by the name of the article of food) is composed of the following ingredients and none other,'.' and immediately after said words shall be printed upon said label, in the style and manner herein specified, the true and correct name of each and all the ingredients con- tained in or constituting a component part to such mixture, compound, combination, imitation or blend, and if artificially colored or preserved, the name of each and every such added substance shall be plainly stated on the label. There shall be such a contrast between the color of the label and the color of the ink used in printing the label as heretofore pro- vided, that the label shall be easily and plainly legible. Sec. 10. Any person who manufactures or exposes for sale, or delivers to a purchaser any article of food, shall furnisU, within business hours, and upon payment or tender of the selling price, a sample of such food to any person duly authorized by the commissioner to receive the same, and who shall apply to such vender, or person delivering to a pur- chaser such article of food for such sample for such use in sufficient quantity for the analysis of any such article or articles in his possession. In the presence of such person and an agent of a commissioner, if so desired by either party, said sainple shall be divided into three parts, and each part shall be sealed with the seal of the commissioner. One part shall be left with the dealer, one delivered to the commissioner, and one deposited with the county attorney for the county in which the sample is taken. The having in possession by any person who manufacturs or exposes for sale, any adulterated or misbranded food, within the meaning of this act, shall be prima facie evidence of having in possession with intent to sell in violation of its provisions. Sec. 11. Any person, firm, corporation, or agent thereof, who refuses to comply, on demand, with any of the requirements of this act, or who shall violate any of its provisions, or who shall obstruct or hinder the commissioner, or any of his assistants, in the discharge of any duty imposed by this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ,and upon convic- tion thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dol- lars. Sec. 12. The Commissioner shall, from time to time, with the appro- val of the Executive Council, issue a printed bulletin, showing the results of inspections, analyses, and prosecutions undertaken under this MXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 143 act, together with such general information as may be deemed suitable. Such bulletins shall be printed in such numbers as may be directed by the Executive Council, and shall be issued to the newspapers of the State and to all interested persons. Sec. 13. For the purpose of enabling the commissioner to enforce the provisions of this act for the compensation and expenses of assistants and experts, for necessary travelling and micellaneous expenses, and for all other expenses herein provided, the sum of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) annually, or so much thereof as may be necessary is hereby appropriated from the treasury not otherwise appropriated. Sec. 14. All goods purchased or received by either wholesale or retail dealers of this state prior to July first, nineteen hundred six (1906) shall be exempt from the provisions of this act to July first, nineteen hundred seven (1907). Sec. 15. Upon the prosecution of a corporation for violation of the provisions of this act, or of section forty-nine hundred eighty-nine (4989) of the code, and information filed before a justice of the peace having jurisdiction, the said justice of the peace shall forthwith issue notice to the corporation which shall substantially notify the defendant of the charges contained in the information and that it must forthwith appear and answer the same, which notice may be served by any peace officer in any county of the state on any officer or agent of the defendant cor- poration by reading the same to him and leaving with him a copy thereof; said notice shall be returned to the justice of the peace without delay with proper return of its service, and from and after two days from the time of making such service the defendant corporation shall be considered to be in court, and all further proceedings shall be the same as against an individual defendant. Sec. 16. Section forty-nine hundred eighty-six (4986), of the code is hereby amended by striking out in the second line thereof, the words and characters "food, drink or", and in the third line thereof the words and characters "food, drink or," and by striking out alj after the word "same" in the fourteenth line of said section, and by changing the semi- colon after the word "same" to a period. Sec. 17. Section forty-nine hundred eighty-two (4982). forty-nine hundred eighty-four (4984), forty-nine hundred eighty-seven (4987), forty-nine hundred ninety-three (4993), forty-nine hundred ninety-four (4994), forty-nine hundred ninety-five (4995), forty-nine hundred ninety- six (4996), forty-nine hundred ninety-seven (4997), and forty-nine hun- dred ninety-eight (4998) of the code, and sections forty-nine hundred eighty-four-"a" (4984-a), and forty-nine hundred eighty-four-"b" (4984-b) as they appear in the supplement to the code, are hereby repealed. 144 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. RESULT OF ANALYSES MADE BY PROF. J. B. WEEMrf, OF AMES. Ames, Iowa, November 21, 1903. Governor S. B. Pacard, Marshalltown, Iowa. My Dear Sir — Please find enclosed the report of the investigation of food products used in our state. I have made the report as full as pos- sible, but I regret that the limited funds at our disposal naturally restricted the work. I have endeavored to add to the work by supplying some necessary results from the reports of other states. If any sugges- tion comes to you in which I can add to the report, I will be glad to do so. Yours very truly, J. B. Weems. The amount of money which could be used for the investigation was limited, and it was decided to carry on the work as far as the funds would allow. The first group of products selected were the vinegars. Twelve sam- ples were analyzed, with the results as shown in the table, which is a part of this report. From the chemical analyses, it will be seen that eight of the twelve samples were not cider vinegar, or, in other words^ 66 2-3 per cent of the products sold as cider vinegar are not produced from cider. In this connection it is of interest to note that in Massachusetts, dur- ing the year ending September 20, 1902, that of 270 samples of vinegar, 178 were condemned as not meeting the requirements of the state law. In Ohio, twenty-four samples of a total of seventy were regarded as adulterated. Many of the samples were below the strength required by the law. Many of the retail dealers have no means of determining whether a vinegar is pure or not. They have simply the word of the jobber. I have in mind an example where the vinegar sold by a mer- chant as cider vinegar, when it proved, on examination, to be a spirit vinegar, he reported the fact to the dealer in Chicago, and it was claimed by them that they purchased the product for cider vinegar and were themselves misled by the statement of the makers. Some of the dealers claim that the price is an indication whether the product is pure cider vinegar or not. There is no doubt that the vinegars sold to the public are grossly misrepresented. JELLIES, PRESERVES AND SYRUPS. Twenty-nine samples of these products were examined, as shown by the results of the chemical analyses. In twelve of the samples, glucose was found to exceed 50 per cent in the product, and in seventeen in an amount exceeding 25 per cent of the product. In many of the other sam- ples, the amount of cane sugar that is present is very small. In the report of the Food Commissioner of Ohio for 1902, nineteen samples of syrup were analyzed, and eight were adulterated. The report for August, 1902, of the Dairy and Food Commissioner of Michigan shows that two samples of molasses and seventeen samples of jellies were ana- lyzed, and all found to be adulterated. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 145 Many of these substances are labeled indicating that they are a com- pound product. Most of these substances are artificially colored in order to make the imitation complete. It is of interest also to note that on many of the labels there is printed something like the following, which is taken as an example: Compound, 50 per cent simple syrup, 50 per cent corn syrup, colored and flavored. Another example is: Syrup com- pound, 80 per cent corn syrup, 20 per cent sugar syrup. On one jar of jelly, in very small letters, is printed: Sixty per cent apple juice, 35 per cent corn syrup, 5 per cent sugar, aritflcially colored. This product was labeled Currant Jelly. Another label stated that the compound was 50 per cent fruit, 25 per cent corn syrup, 20 per cent sugar and 5 per cent spices and flavors. Many of these products v.ere prepared in other states, and these statements were printed on the label in order to satisfy the demands of pure food laws of many of the states. The results of various products of the jams, jellies and syrups show the relation of pure cane sugar and glucose. MUSTARDS. In the analysis of mustards, our work, owing to limited funds at our disposal for the work, were only of qualitative nature. It will be noticed, however, that many of the samples gave heavy indication for starch, which is the common adulteration of mustard, and may be present to the extent of 50 per cent of the product. BAKING POWDERS. In baking powders, it will be noticed that alum is present in three of the samples sent to us for examination; and the cream of tartars, of the four samples examined, only two can be said to be pure. CATSUPS. In catsups, it was found that they were preserved by a salt of ben- zoic acid, artificially colored. CREAM OF TARTAR. Cream of tartar is used extensively in the household, largely in con- nection with bread making. The substance is in many cases adulterated to a large extent. Starch, calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate (gyp- sum) being used for this purpose. Fcr an illustration, the following analysis will show to what extent this substance has been adulterated: Alum 62.27 Silica 1.90 Lime 76 Starch 14.39 Cream of tartar 21.58 Total 100.00 10 146 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Or this: Cream of tartar None Acid calcium phosphate 25.30 Calcium sulphate 24.10 Starch 10.60 Moisture 40.00 Total 100.00 The above results are taken from a report of the Ohio Food Commis- sioner of a few years ago. The last report of the same state shows that of the twenty-seven samples collected none were found to be adulterated. This was not so, however, in the past years, as it was very common to have samples adulterated to the extent given as stated above. In Massachusetts, of 326 samples collected, twenty were found to be adulterated. Four samples were tested in connection with this invastiga- tion, and two gave indications of adulterations. SPICES. The spices used in the household are uo doubt adulterated to a greater extent than any other of the products useJ as food. Pepper is ariiilterated with ground repper shells, ground olive pits, corn ^eal, and roasted cocoanut shells. Allspice is adulterated with wheat .sna exhausted ginger. Cassia is adulterated with exhausted ginger and cassia buds. Cayenne is adulterated with corn starch and turmeric. Cloves are adulterated with allspice, nut shells, sawdust, sand and sweepings. Ginger is adulterated with turmeric, buckwheat and powdered char- coal. Mace is adulterated with corn starch and wild mace. From the results which have been obtained from the investigation of the products sold for food in Iowa and the results from the reports of the food commissions of other states, there is no doubt but there is need of a pure food law in Iowa. Such a law will protect the honest manu- facturer and the consumer. The bulletin and reports will furnish to everyone engaged in supplying food to the citizens of Iowa information which will enable them and the consumers to know what substances are pure and those which are impure. Such a law should be so enacted that it can be of great value to the people when enforced in an intelligent manner. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I, 147 ANALYSES OF JELLIES, JAMS AND SYRUPS. SYRUPS AND MOLASSES, No. Prepared by Name. Cane Glu- Sugar. cose. 1. Champion Syrup Refining Co. . Compound Orange 14.96 77.9G 2. William Mannierre Old Manse 58.30 .40 3. Oriental Mfg. Co Superior Mixed Honey . . 8.37 73.84 4. Chicago Refinery .Pure Louisiana 11.64 50.49 5. C. C. Prouty Co "Peerless Drips" 8.87 75.84 6. Warfield, Pratt, Howell Co. ..Matchless 9.18 77.15 7. C. W. Goyer & Co Louisiana Sugar House .25.94 1.86 JELLIES. 1. The J. Weller Co Raspberry Jelly 10.69 66.12 2. The J. Weller Co Grape Jelly 2.78 61.27 3. The J. Weller Co Currant Jelly 1.39 54.52 4. The J. Weller Co Blackberry Jelly 4.03 60.66 5. The J. Weller Co Strawberry Jelly 14.32 52.56 6. The Iowa Fruit Preserv. Co. ..Pomona Apple 20.77 7. The E. G. Dailey Co Boiled Apple Cider 12.70 33.31 JAMS, PRESERVES. 1. The J. Weller Co Plum Butter 3.13 26.66 2. Bliss Syrup Refining Co Plum Preserves 3.84 15.17 3. Bliss Syrup Refining Co Orange Marmalade 4.78 13.38 4. Franklin, MacVeagh & Co. . . Priscilla Preserves, Red Raspberry 10.19 44.00 MUSTARDS. Prepared by 1. Mennig & Slater Test for starch showed heavy blue coloration. 2. Eddy & Eddy Very little starch. 3. Warfield, Pratt, Howell Co. . . 4. Tone Bros 5. Marshall Vinegar Co Starch in small quantity. 6. Ontario Preserving Co 7. Reid, Murdoch & Co Starch in quite large quantity. 8. H. J. Heinz Co Starch is present, heavy blue colora- tion. 9. The Letts, Fletcher Co Starch is present. 10. J. J. Colman BAKING POWDERS AND CREAM OF TARTARS. BAKING POWDERS. 1. Tone Bros Alum present. 2. Superb Baking Powder Co. ..Alum present. 3. James H. Forbes Alum present. 148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CREAM OF TARTARS. 4. Tone Bros No calcium, phosphates, starch found. 5. E. A. Knudson Starch, calcium, phosphates, sulphates and alum found. 6. Laughran & Bauer Trace of calcium. 7. C. Hamilton Starch, alum, calcium, phosphates and sulphates found. CATSUPS. 1. Mennig & Slater Preservative, benzoic acid. 2. Rollins Vinegar and Pkl. Co. . Preservative, benzoic acid. 3. Reid, Murdoch & Co Preserved by benzoic acid. PICALILLI. 1. Rollins Vinegar & Pkle. Co. . . Preservative, saccharin. ANALYSES OF VINEGARS. Purchased Per Ct. No. from Acidity Solids Ash. Remarks 1. J. A. Kenyon 4.43 .359 .079 Malic acid, sulphates, phos- phates not present. 2. Crispin & Duncan 3.99 .35 .034 Malic acid, sulphates, phos- phates not present. 3. S. C. Brumfield . .4.66 .52 .097 Malic acid, sulphates, phos- phates not present. 4. J. J. Grove 4.80 .37 .03 No malic acid. Phosphates present in very small quan- tity. 5. J. B. Kooser & Co 4.87 2.01 .19 Phosphates were present in some quantity. Strong in- dication of malic acid. 6. C. Hamilton 5.65 .61 .047 Very small quantity of phos- phates present. No precip- itate with lead acetate. 7. B. A. Knudson ..5.92 1.90 .29 Phosphates present in quite large quantity. Heavy pre- cipitate with lead acetate. 8. T. J. Miller & Son 5.78 .52 .029 Phosphates present in very small quantity. Slight pre- cipitate with lead acetate. 9. T. J. Miller & Son 4.83 .68 .073 Very small quantity of phos- phates. No precipitate with load sub acetate. 10. Tjlden Bros. & Co. 5.04 3.12 .30 Heavy precipitate of phos- phates. Good test for malic '" " acid. 11. J. W. Adams 4.84 .40 .039 No phosphates. No malic acid. 12. J. J. Grove 5.47 1.95 .26 Strong test for phosphates. Slight precipitate with lead SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 149 JAMS, PRESERVES. No. 5. 6. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Prepared by Name. Cane Sugar. . *Strawberry 14.64 .Apricot 23.12 . *Tomato 3.29 .Quince Qualver Jam 8.62 . Plum Butter 2.13 Reid, Murdoch & Co Damson Plum Pres 2.28 Kenwood Mfg. Co Pear Butter 6.56 Reid. Murdoch & Co Blackberry Jam 41.52 Reid, Murdoch & Co *Strawberry Jam 23.81 Reid, Murdoch & Co *Red Raspberry 23.10 Reid. Murdoch & Co *Red Currant 23.87 Franklin MacVeagh & Co. . . Franklin MacVeagh & Co... Mannierre-Yoe Syrup Co. . . . Manniere-Yoe Syrup Co. . . . The Iowa Fruit Preserv. Co Glu- cose. 30.14 35.01 66.69 68.44 20.3C Fruit Shrub Phosphate-Strawberry, prepared by Reid, Murdoch & Co., pink artificial coloring. *Artiflcially colored. 150 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RESULT OF ANALYSES MADE BY PROF. C. N. KINNEY, OF DRAKE UNIVERSITY. '■o S fi aj ^ i; Product Examined. c3c 05.- eS 6 3 eS C d Milk .125 75 50 Cream . 20 15 5 Sausage , . 15 14 1 Oysters , . 5 5 Mincemeat . . . . 2 2 Beer .150 15 135 Vinegar 25 15 10 Cider . . . Butter . . Baking powder Tea ...10 ...15 Confectionery 25 15 10 5 3 2 10 8 2, Coffee Strawberry Jam . Sophistication. "Water and removal of cream. Gelatin. Crackers, bread crumbs, coloring material. Sugar, gelatin, gly- c e r i n e , coloring material. Acetic sulphuric, hydrochloric, phos- phoric acids, wa- ter, coloring mate- rial. Sugar, acetic acid, coloring material. Sterine, lard, cot- ton seed oil. Flour, starch. Willow leaves, col- oring materials. Clay balls. Pumpkin and timo- thy seed. Adulterating Material Formaldehyde, ben- zoic acid, borax, salicylic acid. Fvirmaldehyde, b o- racic acid. S u Ip h i t es, boric acid, salicylic acid. Formaldehyde, bo- ric acid. S u 1 p h i t es, boric acid. Nitre, arsenic, gen- tian. Alum. Tannic acid. . Paris green, lead chromate, ultrama- rine. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 151 .2 oo)^ •-'boo - -"Is S O c3 r re +i CD »^ -te'od'*- gcoOO CD y 3-c « « Sii jr; t^ S =* ^ «r^-2c« .xJ2c-==cx^Q^oi^ o CCB CC.*J C Q, y O cc it C ,ci E— ' en t- r< CD - ^ O aT^I^ -iT -^ ^ C , CD-H r, ^ * S o a^'C (D y r/l £- C" . c :o o'-S "" I- 01 a> c 0< CD CD 3 a d CD—, o c s- ^02 M2 >) a Ji-'c^ •" a) aj — aT3 F^Odj ^-"^ £ o— CS c« '^ 'Xi :j} O •C CDo o iiii2 x^ - 3 »T3 2 So Sort .2£.2 O O CD 0) eS o^ 020 bid .ScS O^- a) - < 3 t« ;d 02 002 > XI^TS CD O o 3 rt-u u -^ uuZi p a am ■3 y KM O c3 C SG C S !« d c— 2 «>>''= -O-r; £«';>« ^^•^^^ X !r'~"^ 01.23 0> e« O " t- Cr^ O) , ,aj XI C -l-l =i ^ o "O a) ^ 03 JO ^.3 = o3 M > bio -3 O "3 ■ bjDC ■r; o : c4.- 21^ a c i| it rt if eS 1. X 'X <11 3 . o « O S li II ^ O CO c3 3 as CBOnCCOi ai-r* 154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Cameron moved that the report of the Committee on Adul- teration of Foods be adopted ; seconded by Mr. ^McDonald. Motion carried. Mr. Cameron moved that one hundred and fifty dollars ($150.00), or as much thereof as is necessary, be appropriated to cover further expenses in perparing report of Committee on Adulteration of Foods. Motion seconded and carried. The Secretary presented the matter of purchasing a complete set of "Wallaces' Registers." Mr. Brown moved that the Sec- retary be instructed to purchase the books at the price mention- ed, ninety-five dolars ($95.00). Seconded by Mr. McDonald. Carried. Secretary presented a letter from Sig. A. Liberatti relative to an engagement for the next State Fair at $450.00 per day for an engagement of not less than six days. Mr. Packard moved that the matter be referred to the Executive Committee with power to act; seconded by Mr. Brown. Motion carried. The question of offering a second prize in the scholarship con- test was discussed, but no action was taken. The Committee on Per Diem and Mileage reported as follows : Mr. President: Your committee on Per Diem and Mileage desire to report as follows : Days Rate Amount Miles Amount Total W. W. Morrow 6 4.00 24.00 82 8.20 $ 32.20 C. Jj]. Cameron 6 4.00 24.00 140 14.00 38.00 K. S. Johnston 6 4.00 24.00 158 15.80 39.80 C. W. Phillips 6 4.00 24.00 24.00 W. C. Brown 6 4.00 24.00 102 10.20 34.20 R. T. St. John 6 4.00 24.00 195 19.50 43.50 S. B. Packard 6 4.00 24.00 58 5.80 29.80 T. C. Legoe 6 4.00 24.00 100 10.00 34.00 M. J. Wragg 3 4.00 12.00 16 l.bO 13.60 C. F. Curtiss 1 4.00 4.00 4.00 John Ledgerwood 6 4.00 24.00 87 8.70 32.70 M. McDonald 6 4.00 24.00 65 6.50 30.50 0. A. Olson 6 4.00 24.00 155 15.55 39.55 H. L. Pike 6 Total ... 4.00 24.00 200 20.00 44.00 $439.85 John LiEDGEEWOOU, H. L. Pike. 0. A. Olson, Committee. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 155 Mr. Ledgerwood moved the adoption of the report as read. Seconded by Mr. McDonald. Motion carried. Mr. McDonald moved that all tmfinished business be referred to the Executive Committee with power to act. Seconded by Mr. Ledgerwood. Motion carried. Mr. Packard introduced the following resolution and moved its adoption, which motion was seconded and carried : Resolved, That the Board of Agriculture heartily commends the services of its secretary, J. C. Simpson, and believes that the salary allowed by the law of the State is not a just compensation for the work and the merit of service; therefore the Board recommends the General Assembly to amend the law and increase the salary to twenty-two hundred dollars ($2,200). On motion the Board adjourned, to meet at the call of the President. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. 156 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SYNOPSIS OF BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEETINGS, 1905. Executive Committee Meeting, Feb. i, 1905. Committee met on call of President with all members present, as were also members of the Board. Brown and Phillips. Members discussed the receipts and contracts for the Privi- ledge Department at length, and it was the unanimous opinion of those present that a material increase should be made in the privileges for the Fair of 1905 over those of former years. It was agreed that in the use of tickets in the privilege department the Superintendent should not give to exceed one ticket a day for ten dollars paid. It was further agreed that all helpers tickets issued by the superintendent of the different Departments must be given a check number for identification in case of fraudulent use. In the matter of a claim on file in the Secretary's office for doctor and hospital service of the boy injured at the fair of 1904, it was agreed that the matter be referred tO' the Secretary and Attorney General for settlement, it being the unanimous opinion of those present that, while the Department was not liable for the sake of avoiding any unpleasant litigation it would be better to settle the same if a satisfactory agreement could be arranged. The Secretary and Superintendent of Grounds were instructed to have the barn in the forage department taken down and rebuilt on location which had been agreed upon near the south entrance. The Secretary was instructed to purchase garbage cans for use in the Privilege Department. Secretary presented communication from the Des Moines Driving Club, asking that the fair grounds be leased to them for the pui*pose of conducting a race meeting sometime during the SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 157 summer. On motion it was agreed that the committee did not have authority to lease the grounds for this purpose, in case the said Des Moines Driving Club desired to sell any privileges contrary to the law. Mr. Cameron and Mr. Simpson were appointed a sub-com- mittee to go to Chicago and meet with parties who had made propositions in regard to amusements for the State Fair of 1905. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. Executive Committee Meeting. Feb. 21, 1905. As per resolution of the Committee at their meeting on Feb. 1st, Mr. Cameron and Mr. Simpson made a trip to Chicago and met with several parties who submitted propositions for attrac- tions at the State Fair, but no contracts were made, it being deemed advisable to let them go over until some future meet- ing of the Executive Committee, when they would meet to take up this matter. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. Executive Committee Meeting. March 2, 1905. Committee met on call of President with all members present. Mr. E. W. Randall, Secretary of the ]\Iinnestota State Fair, on invitation of the Committee, met with them. The Secretary presented proposition from the O'Donnell Fireworks Co., of Chicago, to put on a spectacular show at the fair. The matter was discussed at some length, but no final decision was reached, the Committee desiring to await the meet- ing and action of the Minnesota State Fair management, as they desired to act together in this selection of a night show. Quite a number of different attractions and amusements were discussed with Mr. Randall, it being the opinion of the Com- 158 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. mittee that if the two fairs worked together it would work to the mutual benefit of both. Mr. Randall read a letter from parties in Montana regarding a twenty mile relay race by lady riders. It was agreed by the Committee that in case Mr. Rand- dall could arrange for this race for both fairs that a contract, which would not exceed $2,000 should be made. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. Executive Committee Meeting. March 3, 1905. Committee met with all members present. A visit was made to the Fair Grounds for the purpose of looking over the improve- ments which had been contemplated for the year. The Secretary and Superintendent of Grounds were instructed to change the entrance to the quarter-stretch, as per arrange- ment by the Committee this day. Also to make improvements in the grand stand by removing the first row of seats in the west stand and arranging the entrance for the purpose of installing turnstiles. The Secretary and Superintendent of Grounds were also instructed to have an 84 inch woven wire fence, similar to the fence erected the previous year, erected as follows : From the corner south of the old dairy building to a line south and west of the entrance at Rock Island Avenue, and from the north entrance of Grand Avenue to the northwest corner of the grounds. They were also instructed to purchase all material and employ all labor necessary to^ carry on the work outlined by the Committee. Secretary authorized to issue warrants in payment of pay roll when same was O. K'd by the Superintendent of Grounds. Also to issue warrants in payment of Freight bills or any other bills requiring immediate payment. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 159 Secretary and Superintendent of grounds were instructed to have erected a small kitchen on the east end of the dining hall, known as the old dairy building, and otherwise arrange the interior of said dining hall as per agreement of the committee. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. Executive Committee Meeting. Tuesday, Apr. 4, 1905. The Committee met at call of President at the Secretary's office at 9 o'clock A. M., with all members present. The Presi- dent stated that the meeting was called for the purpose of closing the fair amusements program, selecting advertising matter etc. It was decided to take up the first day with the amusement feature of the fair. The committee had before them two propositions for the night show; one from Capt, J. W. O'Donnell of the O'Donnell Fireworks Co., in which he proposed to put on the "Seige of Port Arthur" and a fireworks program, the details of which are found in the synopsis of the program presented, on file in this office. Mr. B. F. Gregory, representing the Pain Pyrotechnic Co., was before the committee with a proposition to put on the "Seige of Port Arthur". After considering the propositions very carefully the committee, on motion of Mr. Cameron, decided to contract Avith Capt. J. W. O'Donnell for putting on the "Seige of Port Arthur" four nights, beginning Aug. 28th, closing Aug. 31 ; contract not to be signed or in effect until after Mr. 0''Donnell furnished surety bond in the sum of $2500.00, such bond to be approved by the Secretary. The terms for this contract are to be $3400.00 for four nights, with the weather clause, which are fully set forth in the con- tract. Mr. Harold A. Bushea, General Director of the Gaskill Shows, was befo-re the committee and presented a proposition for placing his shows at the Iowa State Fair of 1905; same to be in an enclosure, price of admission to the enclosure ten cents. Mr. Bushea's proposition for placing these shows was as fol- 160 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. lows: The Gaskill Carnival Co., to get 75 per cent of all receipts, 25 per cent tO' go to the fair management; the fair management to furnish only ground space for the above shows. Another proposition submitted by Mr. Bushea was, providing he furnish the day amusements in front of the grand stand, toi consist of eight acts, that we divide on the following terms; 8 per cent to the Gaskill Carnival Co., and 20 per cent to the fair management. There were twelve different shows which Mr. Bushea submitted to be put on the Pike the admission to same being from ten to twenty-five cents. This matter was looked over very carefully by the committee, they being perfectly satisfied with the terms presented by Mr. Bushea and of the high character of the shows, but decided that as the matter had never been discussed at our Board meeting it was not advisable to put on a Pike this year. A contract was made with Mr. F. M. Barnes, of the Western Theatrical Exchange, for the following attractions for the fair of 1905, for the sum of $1650.00, as follows: Wahlund & Tekla in a strong act $200.00; the five Flying Moores in cast- ing and return act for $350.00; the eight Bedouin Arabs for $500.00; the Nelson Family for $600.00. Signor A. Liberati was before the committee in regard to securing an engagement for Liberati's band of forty-eight pieces at the Iowa State Fair of 1905. The committee made an offer to Sig. Liberati of $1875.00 for six days and four even- ings, beginning with a Sunday afternoon concert and closing Friday afternoon. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. Executive Committee Meeting. Wednesday, -Apr. 5, 1095. The Executive Committee met at Secretary's office at 9 o'clock, A. M. with all members present. The entire time of the com- mittee for this day was devoted to looking over and selecting advertising matter for the Iowa State Fair of 1905. After carefully going over all the samples presented by representatives SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 161 of the different firms present the following contracts for advertis- ing matter were made : OS'SII t siiocIi3auuii\[ 'AvoiSig ? u.uoJa raojj sjaAoo asjoq osS 1,000 signs $30.00 and 600 pieces of novelties $72.00, M. Parrott & Sons, Waterloo. la 102.00 Bill from Gray Lithographing Co., New York 262.50 It was further decided to order 5,000 hangers from the Iowa Publishing Co. of Davenport, la., same to be printed in three colors, for the sum of 240.00 Total $ 717.00 Thursday, Apr. 6, 1905. The committee spent a considerable portion of the day at the fair gronnds going over and outlining the work preliminary to the fair of 1905. In the matter of an entrance at Grand Avenue, Smith & Gage, architects, were employed to prepare a plan and submit same to the Executive Committee for approval. Upon receiv- ing this sketch Secretary was instructed to have zinc etchings made and send one to each member of the Board together with estimate of the cost of the entrance, for their approval. A sum not exceeding $200.00 w^as appropriated for the pur- pose of planting and arranging grounds around the new Agricultural Building. The matter of turnstiles was discussed at some length, and it was decided that the Executive Committee, together with Mr. Deemer, Supt. of Grounds, should make a trip to St. Louis for the purpose of getting information in regard to installing turn- stiles, and to look over other materials which the Chicago Wrecking Co., had for sale which might be used to good advan- tage on the State fair grounds. . _ 162 iowa departmemt of agriculture. Special Committee Work. A special committee composed of C. E. Cameron, Vice-Presi- dent, James H. Deemer, Superintendent of Grounds, and J. C. Simpson, Secretary made a trip to St. Louis and purchased material from the Chicago Wrecking Co., to the amount of $1300.00. This included turnstiles, chopper-boxes, cases, tables, etc., for use on the Iowa State Fair Grounds. Itemized bill contained in statement on file. J. C. Simpson, Sccrctarw Executive Committee Meeting. May 9, 10 and 11, 1905. Committee met on call of President with all members present. The Committee called on Col. Thomas of the nth U. S. Cavalry, and arrangements were made for the appearance of the Eight troops and Band now stationed at the Fort to attend the Fair on Tuesday and Friday, Aug. 29th and Sept. i, 1905. ^Secretary was instructed to have insurance placed on the Agricultural building, $10,000 fire and $20,000 wind, if same could be written that way, if not to plaec $15,000 combined. Plans for an entrance at Grand Avenue w^ere talked over with the architect who was requested to submit sketches for gate and fence not to exceed the sum of $1500.00, and when same were received Secretary was instructed to' correspond with the members of the Board regarding the advisability of building the entrance, the cost not to exceed $1500. The Secretar)' and Superintendent of Grounds were instructed to proceed with the construction of a combined curb and gutter along th north side of Grand Avenue to the amount of $1000.00 Secretary and • Superintendent of Grounds were instructed to make such changes in the Agricultural Building interior that would make the best arrangements for installing the cases, tables etc.. recently purchased for that building. Also to have an estimate made for building a music stand over the doors at the main east entrance; and if cost would not exceed $400.00 to have same built. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. l63 Secretary was instructed to have such alteration made in the Dining Hall, (formerly the Dairy building), which in his opinion will be necessary to comply with the agreement with Mr. McCray. The Committee spent Thursday in a conference with the daily newspapers of the city regarding the advisability of buy- ing advertising space in their papers. The Committee, with Mr. Ellyson and Mr. Olson, met with a committee of business men at the Commercial Club at lunch on Wednesday and asked on behalf of the Iowa State Fair that the business men of the city close their places of business one half day. The Committee also met with the Des Moines Clearing House Association at 3 :30 on \\'ednesday and made the same request, which was granted. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. Executive Committee Meeting. June 8-9, 1905. Committee met with all members present. On motion con- tract for erection of the band stand in the Agricultural build- ing and brick and stone work on the Grand Avenue was let to Chas. Weitz' Sons, at their bid of $1,050.00, same to be built according to the plans and specifications furnished by Smith & Wetherell. Motion also covered letting of contract to the Des Moines Bridge Iron Co., at $400.00 for the iron gates at the Grand Avenue entrance. On motion the Government Indian Band from the govern- ment school at Chillocco, Oklahoma, Lem H. Wiley, Director was employed to furnish music at the Iowa State Fair for five (5) ^^^ys, not to exceed seven (7) hours per day, at $700.00. Secretary was authorized to confer with the Chief of the Des Moines Fire Department, Wm. Burnett, and arrange for firemens' races between the two Des Moines fire teams. Jack and Jack and Black and Tan, for a purse of not to exceed $300.00. 164 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Secretary was authorized to correspond with Prof. C. F. Curtiss of Ames, Iowa, in regard to arrangement for exhibition of the Pabst and Swift six-horse teams at the Iowa State Fair. Superintendent of Grounds was instructed to install the turn- stiles at all the entrances. On motion the committee adjourned. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. Meeting of Executive. Committee. Thursday and Friday, June 29 and 30, 1905. Committee met on call of President with all members present Secretary presented a letter from the Captain of the Rock Island Fire Drill Team of Valley Junction in regard to their giving a drill at the State Fair on Tuesday, August 29th. It was agreed by the Committee to give the members of the team admission to the grounds and Grand-stand on the afternoon of Tuesday, August 29th, and $25.00 in cash in lieu of the payment of any expenses, providing the Rock Island shops and stores of Valley Junction would close on this day; the team to appear on the grounds in full uniform and give a drill sometime between II and II :30 o'clock A. M., the exact time to be selected by the Committee on the above date. It was moved that for the purpose of advertising the dates for the closing of entries in the cattle and horse departments at the State Fair the following advertisements be printed : 2 pages in the Iowa Homestead. 2 pages in Wallace's Farmer. 1 page in Farmer's Tribune, Sioux City, Iowa. 1/4 page in Breeder's Gazette. Motion prevailed. $300 was appropriated for the purpose of paying expenses of having a series of races between the fire teams Jack and Jack and Black and Tan ; program to be arranged by the Secretary ard Fire Chief Burnett, it being understood that the races were to take place on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of Fair week. It was moved that if the same would be satisfactory to SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 165 Superintendent St. John, the old poultry building be used for the foreign agricultural exhibits, to be designated as Foreign Exhibits Building. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. Executive Committee Meeting. Friday and Saturday, Aug. 4th and 5th. Committee met on call of president, with all members present The secretary presented communication from F. W. Bick- nell, proprietor of the Mail and Times, in regard tO' some adver- tising for the State Fair, and committee authorized secretary to accept proposition as presented in Mr. Bicknell's letter, not to exceed $25.00. Communication from the ^irls Band of Hamburg, Iowa, was presented, and secretary was instructed to write the mana- ger thereof that the committee had already engaged sufficient music for the Iowa State Fair. The committee, with Gov. Packard, visited the grounds, looking into the matter of providing additional barn room for cattle. It was decided to build an addition to the building for- merly used for the poultry show, sufficient to place therein four rows of stalls. It was further agreed that a tent 90x120 should be secured to provide stall room for the balance, and secretary and the superintendent of grounds were instructed to see that the same was provided. It was agreed to build a sixteen foot addition to the north end of the secretary's office, and secretary was instructed to see that same was completed in time for the fair. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. 166 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. AT STATE FAIR GROUNDS. September i, 1905. Board met at President's office, at 10 o'clock A. M., with the following members present : Morrow, Cameron, Simpson, Johnston, Brown, Packard, Legoe, Wragg, Ledgerwood, Olson and Pike. The President stated the purpose of the meeting was to pass upon the pay rolls of the several departments, and any other business which might come before them. The following pay rolls were presented, and on motion allowed : Swine Department, $94.00 Presented by R. S. Johnston. Ticket Department, $194.35 Presented by Secretary. Privilege Department $140.16 Presented by W. C. Brown. Agricultural Department, $282.45 Presented by D. F. Sheehan. Exposition and Art Building, $404.85 Presented by T. C. Legoe. Cattle Department,- $398.01 Presented by S. B. Packard. Horticultural Department, $160.00 Presented by M. J. Wragg. Treasury Department, $688.30 Presented by G. D. Ellyson. Machinery Department. $162.85 Presented by John Ledgerwood. Sheep and Poultry Department, $153.05 Presented by H. L. Pike. Speed Department, $213.60 Presented by C. E. Cameron. Dairy Department, $216.10 Presented by H. R. Wright. President's Department, $16.00 Presented by W. W. Morrow. Press Bureau, $164.70 Presented by Secretary. Grounds, $102.70 Presented by J. H. Deemer, Supt. Secretary's Department, $405.25 Presented by J. C. Simpson. Forage Department, $293.75 Presented by J. C. Simpson. Gate Department, $923.43 Presented by O. A. Olson. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 167 Pay roll of the Police Department was referred to the Executive Committee. G. H. White of Emerson, Iowa, appeared before the board and entered protest against the change of award on the "Best ten ears of corn" from the southern district. On motion it was decided that the first award made on the best ten ears of corn from the southern distrct should stand. On motion the board adjourned to meet at the Presidents' office at nine o'clock A. M., Saturday, September 2nd. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. MEETING OP THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Saturday Morning, September, 2, 1905. Board met at President's office. State Fair Grounds, at nine o'clock A. M. Meeting was called to order by the President and on roll call the following members were found to be present : Morrow, Cameron, Simpson, Johnston, Brown, Packard, Wragg, Olson, Pike, McDonald and Legoe. Secretary read communication from J. W. Jones, judge in the Agricultural Department, in regard to change of awards on the best ten ears of corn from the southern district. The Board refused to reconsider their action of Sept. ist, regarding this award. ]Mr. Wragg offered the following resolution in regard tO' the death of Benjamin F. Elbert and moved its adoption : 168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. RESOLUTIONS ON THE DEATH OF FORMER MEMBER OF STATE BOARD. Benjamin F. Elbebt. "Benjamin F. Elbert was born in Van Buren county, Iowa, on the 8th day of May 1844. He attended school at the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, 111. When the war broke out in 1861, Mr. Elbert, a mere boy, left school and joined the army in defense of his country. At the close of the war he returned to Iowa, and for twenty years ^gaged in the banking business at Albia, Iowa. Since 1886 he has been a resident of Des Moines, Iowa, and has been engaged extensively in the grain and stock business. He came to his death by accidental drowning near the city of Des Moines on the 23rd day of August, 1905. Mr. Elbert was one of the most widely known men in the state. He was ever interested in the progress and upbuilding of the state, and especially was he interested in its agricultural growth. He was a mem- ber of the Iowa State Agricultural Society for a number of years and was ever interested in its success. After retiring from the Board, his judgment and experience was often sought by the members of the Board, and he was always found able and willing to furnish valu- able assistance. As a business man he was courteous and gentlemanly in all his dealings, and his word was accepted equally with his bond. Iowa has produced but few men of his type; always kind and consider- ate of the interests of others, ever ready to oblige and accomodate a friend, and in his home an ideal husband and father. All who knew him loved and trusted him. It seems that such a life should be pro- longed, but an All Wise Providence has seen proper to cut it off when the real pleasure of life seemed to be his. His numerous friends through- out the state will, with great pleasure, remember his many kindnesses and will with deep sorrow mourn his death." Be it therefore Resolved, By the Iowa State Board of Agriculture that in the death of Benjamin F. Elbert the State of Iowa has lost one of its best and most useful citizens; that this Society has lost a true and valuable friend and supporter. Resolved, Further that these resolutions be spread upon the records of this society and that a copy thereof be sent to the bereaved family with an expression of our deep sympathy." The Resolution was unanimously adopted. Mr. Wragg presented bill for $6.20 and on motion same was allowed. Mr. McDonald presented pay roll as Superintendent of Horse Department; on motion same was allowed. Secretary presented protest filed by Mr. F. W. Tutin of Des Moines, Iowa, in regard to award in saddle horse class, No. 5, and on motion it was decided that the award of the judge in Class No. 5, premium No. 126, be sustained. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I. 169 On motion of Mr. Cameron. Secretary was authorized to issue a warrant in the name of Mrs. J. W. Essex for $20.00; her husband, J. W. Essex, being one of the special State Fair policemen, and who was killed in this city on Saturday night. August 26, 1905. Mr. Packard moved that the committee on per diem and mileage be appointed ; motion prevailed. The President appointed as such committee Legoe, Pike and Olson, who reported as follows. Days Rate Amt. Miles Amt. Total W. W. Morrow 19 $ 4.00 $ 76.00 82 $ 8.20 $ 84.20 C. E. Cameron 16 4.00 64.00 140 14.00 78.00 R. S. Johnston 18 4.00 72.00 158 15.80 87.80 C. W. Phillips 20 4.00 80.00 80.00 W. C. Brown 34 4.00 136.00 102 10.20 146.20 S. B. Packard 17 4.00 68.00 58 5.80 73.80 T. C. Legoe 20 4.00 80.00 100 10.00 90.00 M. J. Wragg 20 4.00 80.00 16 1.60 81.60 John Ledgerwood 23 4.00 92.00 87 8.70 100.70 M. McDonald 19 4.00 76.00 65 6.50 82.50 0. A. Olson 19 4.00 76.00 155 15.50 91.50 H. L. Pike 19 4.00 76.00 200 20.00 96.00 J. C. Simpson For board $ 25.00 1117.30 H. L. Pike 0. A. Olsox, T. C. Legoe, Comviittee. On motion the report of the committee on per diem and mileage was adopted and Secretaiy authorized to issue warrants in payment thereof. In the matter of purchasing a litter carrier from the Louden Machinery Co., in Barn No. 12, same was referred to the Execu- tive Committee with power to act. Mr. Legoe introduced the following resolution and moved its adoption, which motion prevailed. RESOLUTION. "We the members of the State Board of Agriculture, other than the Executive Committee, hereby wish to express our appreciation of the great work done by our Executive Committee, Mr. Morrow, Mr. Cameron and Mr. Simpson, for the Iowa State Fair, and we feel that the great 170 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. strides made by this institution in the past few years has been largely due to their management, good judgment and untiring efforts in carry- ing out the work delegated to them by this Board; And Whereas, Our esteemed President had expected to retire from this Board after this year; and whereas we feel it would be a detriment to the Great Iowa State Fair, which has now reached the front rank of such institutions, to dispense with his valuable services for at least another year: We therefore urge him to allow his name to again be presented at the next annual meeting for re-election; and we pledge him our undivided support, knowing as we do the great value of his experience and untiring fidelity in the unbuilding of the Iowa State Fair." On motion Board adjourned. J. C. Simpson, Sccrciarv. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART I 171 ■Meeting of Executive Committee. September 19-20-21, 1905. IMeeting was called by the President for purpose of disposing of business needing attention since close of fair. All members present. Mr. Johnston and the Secretary were authorized to visit St. Louis, Lexington, Columbus and Springfield on an inspection of hog barns and ampitheatres. Auditing Committee ^Ieeting. September 19-20-21, 1905. Committee met on days above mentioned, with all members present as follows : C. W. Phillips, \\'. C. Brown, John Ledgerwood. All claims on file w'ere duly passed upon and the Secretary authorized to issue warrants in payment thereof. JOHN R. SAGE, Director. PART II. REPORT OF THE IOWA WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE FOR 1905. JOHN R. SAGE, DIRECTOR CLLMATOLOGY OF THE YEAR 1905. -I Barometer. — The mean pressure for the year was 30.04 inches. The highest observed pressure was 31.09 inches on January 25th, at Sioux City; lowest pressure, 29.12 inches on January 1st at Keokuk. Range for the state, 1.97 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the state was 47.3", which is 0.4° below normal. The highest temperature reported was 104° on August 11th at Waukee. The lowest temperature reported was 41° below zero on Feb. 2nd, at Galva and Ida Grove. Range for the year 145°. Precipitation. — The average amount of rain and melted snow for the year, as shown by complete records of 107 stations, was 36.51 inches, which is 4.79 inches above the normal, and 7.77 inches above the average amount in 1904. The greatest amount recorded at any station for the year was 52.26 inches at Thurman. Least amount recorded 24.66 inches at Little Sioux. The greatest monthly rainfall was 14.89 inches at Keosauqua in June; least monthly amount, trace at Estherville, Rock Rapids in December. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours was 12.10 inches, at Bonaparte, June 10th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more of rain fell was 97. Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of wind was North- west. Highest velocity reported, 59 miles an hour, in Sioux City, from the Northwest on May 3rd. Average daily movement, 201 miles. There were 164 clear days, 98 partly cloudy, and 103 cloudy days; as against 164 clear days, 97 partly cloudy, and 105 cloudy days in 1904. MONTHLY SUMMARIES. January. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown bv records of 118 stations, was 11.2°, which is 7.0° below normal. By 174 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section 7.7°, which is 9.7" below normal; central section 11.2°, which is 7.3° below normal; southern section 14.6°, which is 8.2° below normal. The highest monthy mean was 19.6°, at Keokuk; lowest monthly mean, 4.2°, at Fayette. The nighest temperature reported was 56°, at Keo- kuk on the 1st; lowest temperature reported was 30°, at Inwood, on the 25th. The average monthy maximum was 43.8°; average monthly minimum, 18.9°. Greatest daily range, 48° at Audubon; average of greatest daily ranges, 35.4°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by record of 125 stations, was .91 of an inch, which is .06 of an inch below normal. The averages by sections were as follows: North- ern section, .70 inch, which is .11 inch below normal; central section, 1.07 inches, which is .04 inch below normal; southern section .97 inch, which is .09 inch below normal. The largest amount reported was 1.82 Inch, at Lacoma, the least amount reported, .12 inch, at Storm Lake. The greatest daily rainfall reported was .90 inch, at Lacoma, Ridgeway, Northwood, on the 11th and 12th respectively. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, 6. Prevailing direction of the wind, northwest; highest velocity reported, 38 miles per hour, from the Northwest, at Sioux City, on the 5th. Average number of clear days, 13; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 10. February. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown Dy records of 115 stations, was 12.8°, which is 6.8° below normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: • Northern section 10.6°, which is 5.9° below normal; central section 12.7°, which is 7.6° below normal; southern section 15.1°, which is 6.4° below normal. The highest monthly mean was 18.0° at Keokuk; lowest monthly mean, 8.1° at Forest City. The highest temperature reported was 69° at Glen- wood and Onawa on the 28th; lowest temperature reported, 41° below zero at Galva and Ida Grove on the 2d. The average monthly maxi- mum was 57.2°; average monthly minimum — 30.6°. Greatest daily range 57° at Sibley; average of greatest daily ranges, 40.0°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 125 stations, was 1.57 inches which is 0.53 of an inch above normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 1.35 inches, which is .46 of an inch above normal; central section, 1.68 inches, which is 0.62 of an inch above normal; southern section, 1.67 inches, which is 0.53 of an inch above normal. The largest amount reported was 2.97 inches at Belle Plaine; least amount reported, 0.44 of an inch, at Sioux City. The greatest daily rainfall i-eported was 1.10 inches at Ottumwa, on the 24th. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, 7. Prevailing direction of the wind northwest; highest velocity reported, 49 miles per hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 14th. Average number .of clear days, 14; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 7. March. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 122 stations, was 41.5 degrees, which is 9.1° above nor- mal. By sections, the mean temperatures were as follows; Northern SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II. 1 75 section 38.3°, which is 8.7° above normal; central section 41.3", which is 9.1° above normal; southern section 44.9°, which is 9.0° above normal. The highest monthy mean was 47.2° at College Springs and Sidney; lowest monthly mean, 35.9° at Cresco The highest tempera- ture reported was 84° at Onawa on the 27th; lowest temperature reported 1°, at Fayette, Grand Meadow, Osage and Ridgeway on the 11th. The average monthly maximum was 75.6°; average monthly minimum, 19.5°. Greatest daily range. 58°, at Iowa City; average of greatest daily ranges, 38.2°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 132 stations, was 2.04 inches, which is .20 of an inch above normal. The averages by sections were as follows: North- ern section, 1.97 inches, which is .31 of an inch above normal; central section, 2.23 inches, which is .35 of an inch above normal; southern section, 1.93 inches, which is .04 of an inch below normal. The largest amount reported was 3.70 inches at Inwood; least amount reported, .39 of an inch, at Glenwood. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 3.00 inches at Inwood on the 18th. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, 8. Prevailing direction of the wind, south; highest velocity reported, 52 miles per hour, from the south, at Sioux City, on the 27th. Average number of clear days, 8; partly cloudy. 8; cloudy, 15. April. — The monthly mean temperature of the state as shown by records of 123 stations, was 47.5°, which is 1.8° below normal. By sec- tions the mean temperatures were as follows: Northen section, 45.3", which is 2.0° below normal; central station, 47.5°, which is 1.3° below normal; southern section, 60.4°, which is 1.6° below normal. The high- est monthly mean was 52.6° at Keokuk; lowest monthly mean, 42.9" at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 90°. at Clarinda on the 9th; lowest temperature reported, 10°, at Inwood and Sibley on the 14th. The average monthly maximum was 79.3°; average monthly minimum, 19.5". Greatest daily range, 58". at Iowa City; averf.ge of greatest daily ranges. 40.7°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 135 stations, was 3.03 inches, which is 0.14 of an inch above normal. The averages by sections were as follows: North- ern section, 2.09 inches, which is 0.53 of an inch below normal; central section, 3.07 inches, which is 0.17 of an inch above normal; southern section, 3.94 inches, which is 0.83 of an inch above normal. The larg- est amount reported was 5.49 inches at Leon; least amount reported, 0.63 of an inch, at Sibley. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 3.25 inches at Ottumwa on the 20th. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, 8. Prevailing direction of the wind, northwest; highest velocity reported, 54 miles per hour, from the north, at Sioux City, on the 3d. Average number of clear days. 12; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 10. May. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by records of 123 stations, was 58.3°, which is 2.1° below normal. By sec- tions the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 56.U", which is 3.3° below normal; central section, 58.6°, which is 1.6° below 176 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. normal; southern section, 60.4% which is 1.6° below normal. 'I he high- est monthly mean was 63.6°, at Keokuk; lowest monthly mean, 53.2°> at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 88°, at Glenwood and Welton Junction on the 3d and 29th; lowest temperature reported, 28°, at Washta on the 26th. The average monthly maximum was 82.2°; aver- age monthly minimum, 34.3°. Greatest daily range, 49°, at Carroll; average of greatest daily ranges, 36.9°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 132 stations, was 5.95 Inches, which is 1.82 inches above normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 7.60 inches, which is 3.68 inches above normal; cen- tral section, 5.88 inches, which is 1.79 inches above normal; southern section, 4.38 inches, which is .03 of an inch above normal. The larg- est amount reported was 10.83 inches at Hanlontown; least amount reported, 2.57 inches at Bonaparte. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 3.48 inches at Onawa on the 11th. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, 14. Prevailing direction of the wind, northwest; highest velocity reported, 59 miles per hour, from the south, at Sioux City, on the 3rd. Average number of clear days, 12; partly cloudy, 11; cloudy, 8. June. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 121 stations, was 68.9°, which is 0.3° above normal. By sec- tions the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 67.9°, which is 0.2° below normal; central section, 70.2°, which is 0.7° above normal; southern section, 71.7°, which is 0.5° above normal. The high- est monthly mean was 74.5° at Red Oak; lowest monthly mean, 64.5° at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 100° at Red Oak on the 9th; lowest temperature reported, 36°, at Washta on the 22d. The aver- age monthly maximum was 92.1°; average monthly minimum, 45.7". Greatest daily range, 48° at Washta; average of greatest dally ranges, 33.9°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 131 stations, was 5.53 inches, which is 1.00 inch above normal. The aver- ages by sections were as follows: Northen section, 5.39 inches which is .71 of an inch above normal; central section, 4.78 inches, which is. .22 of an inch above normal; southern section, 6.43 inches, which is 2.07 inches above normal. The largest amount reported was 14.89 inches at Keosauqua; least amount reported, 1.80 inches at Forest City. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 12.10 inches at Bonaparte on the 10th. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was re- ported, 10. Prevailing direction of the wind, south, southeast, south- west; highest velocity reported. 49 miles per hour, from the northwest^ at Sioux City, on the 18tli. Average number of clear days, 12; partly cloudy, 11; cloudy, 7. July. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 117 stations, was 70.6 degrees, which is 3.8° below normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 69.5°, which is 3.7° below normal; central section, 70.8°, which is 3.5° below normal; southern section, 71.4°, which is 4.3° below normal. The highest monthly mean was 73.4°, at Keokuk; lowest monthly mean,. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II. 177 67.4°, at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 102°, at Wau- kee, on the 16th; lowest temperature reported, 40°, at Washta, on the 25th. The average monthly maximum was 95.3°; average monthly minimum, 49.0°. The greatest daily range, 41°, at Waukee; average of greatest daily ranges, 31.6°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 128 stations, was 2.91 inches, which is 1.44 inches below normal. The averages by section were as follows: Northern section, 2.00 inches, which is 2.21 inches below normal; central section, 3.19 inches, which is 1.09 inches below normal; southern section, 3.54 inches, which is 1.08 inches below normal. The largest amount re- ported was 7.08 inches at Albia; least amount reported, 0.69 of an inck at Washta. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 4.00 inches, at Grinnell, on the 19th. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, 9. Prevailing direction of the wind, northwest; highest velocity reported, 39 miles per hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 4th. Average number of clear days, 14; partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 7. August — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 125 stations, was 74.3°, which is 2.3° above normal. By sec- tions the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 73.1°, which is 24° above normal; central section 74.4°, which is 2.8° above normal; southern section 75.4°, which is 1.8° above normal. The high- est monthly mean was 78.0° at Waukee; lowest monthly mean, 70.6° at Fayette. The highest temperature reported was 104°, at Waukee, on the 11th; lowest temperature reported 44°, at Rock Rapids, on the 6th. The average monthly maximum was 95.5°; average monthly minimum, 52.9°. Greatest daily range, 46° at Rock Rapids; average of greatest daily ranges, 33.1°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 136 stations, was 4.05 inches, which is 0.50 of an incti above normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 4.06 inches, which is 0.96 of an inch above normal; central section, 3.48 inches, which is 0.24 of an inch below normal; southern section, 4.61 inches, which is 0.71 of an inch above normal. The largest amount re- ported was 8.47 inches at Plover; least amount reported, 1.04 inches at Vinton. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 3.74 inches at Aller- ton, on the 14th. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, 9. Prevailing direction of the wind, south; highesif velocity reported, 48 miles per hour, from the northeast, at Sioux City, on the 20th. Average number of cleao* days, 16; partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 6, September — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 124 stations, was 65.8°, which, is 2° above normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 64.2°, which is 1.9° above normal; central section, 65.8°, which is 2.5" above normal; southern section, 67.3°, which is 1.5° above normal. The highest monthly mean was 69.2°, at Red Oak; lowest monthly mean, fS°, at Hanlontown. The highest temperature reported was 96°, at iinmt Ayr and Ottumwa, on the 1st; h)west temperature reported, 36° at WasMa, on the 4th. The average mpnthly maximum was 88.0°; 12 178 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. average monthlj- minimum, 44.0°. Greatest daily range, 48°, at Mas- sena; average of greatest daily ranges, 34.1°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 130 stations, was 3.81 inches, which is .50 of an inch above normal. The averages by sections were as fol- lows: Northern section, 3.23 inches, which is .16 of an inch below nor- mal; central section, 3.08 inches, which is .17 of an inch below normal; southern section, 5.11 inches, which is 1.81 inches above normal. The lar- gest amount reported was 13.18 inches at Thurman; least amount reported, .50 of an inch, at Clear Lake. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 6.10 inches at Alta on the 18th. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, 8. Prevailing direction of the wind, southeast; highest velocity reported, 50 miles per hour, from the south- east, at Sioux City, on the 15th. Average number of clear days, 14; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 8. October — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 116 stations, was 49.2° degrees, which is 3.3° below normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 46.9°, which is 4.0° below normal; central section, 49.5°, which is 2.3° below normal; southern section, 51.1° degrees, which is 3.6° below nor- mal. The highest monthly mean was 54.8°, at Keokuk; lowest monthly mean, 42.4°, at New Hampton. The highest temperature reported was 95°, at Inwood and Sheldon, on the 4th; lowest temperature reported, 16°, at Decorah, Elkader, Maquoketa and Inwood, on the 28th, 29th and 30th. The average monthly maximum was 84.7°; average monthly minimum, 20.4°. Greatest daily range, 53°, at Keosauqua; average of greatest daily ranges, 38.7°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 125 stations, was 3.40 inches, which is 0.98 of an inch above normal. The averages by sections were as follows: North- ern section, 3.15 inches, which is .96 of an inch above normal; central section, 3.58 inches, which is 1.13 inches above normal; southern sec- tion, 3.46 inches, which is .85 of an inch above normal. The largest amount reported was 5.36 inches at Iowa City; least amount reported, 1.20 inches, at Sioux Center. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 3.14 inches at Clinton on the 16th and 17th. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, 8. Prevailing direction of the wind, northwest; highest velocity reported, 47 miles per hour, from the south, at Sioux City, on the 8th. Average number of clear daj's, 16; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 9. November — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 123 stations, was 38.4°, which is 3.2° above normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section 36.7°, which is 4.1° above normal; central section 38.3°, which is 3.3° above normal; southern section 40.3°, which is 2.3° above normal. The highest monthly mean was 42.8°, at Red Oak; lowest monthly mean. 35 2° at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 70°, at Belle Plain'e. Webster City, Burlington and Corning, on the 4th, 12th, 13th and 17th; lowest temperature reported .12°, at Estherville on the 30th. The average monthly maximum was 63.2°; average monthly minimum, 0.6°. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II. 179 Greatest daily range, 54°, at Massena; average of greatest daily ranges, 34.3°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 131 stations, was 2. 84 inches, which is 1.53 inches above normal. The aver- ages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 3.16 inches, which is 1.91 inches above normal; central section, 2.67 inches, which is 1.26 inches above normal; southern section, 2.58 inches, which is 1.40 inches above normal. The largest amount reported was 5.30 inches at Plover; least amount reported, .90 inch at Mt. Vernon. The greatest daily rain- fall reported was 2.70 inches at Ft. Madison on the 23d. Prevailing direction of the wind, northwest; highest velocity reported, 54 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 24th. Average number of clear days, 16; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 7. December — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 117 stations, was 27.0°, which is 4.0° above normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section 25.2°, which is 5.0° above normal; central section 26.9°, which is 3.8° above normal; southern section 28.9°, which is 3.3° above normal. The highest monthly mean was 32.4°, at Red Oak; lowest monthly mean, 22.8°, at Charles City. The highest temperature reported was 62°, ac Jefferson on the 8th; lowest temperature reported was 11°, at Monti- cello on the 23d and 24th. The average monthly maximum was 52.0°; average monthly minimum, 3.1°. Greatest daily range, 53°, at De Soto; average of greatest daily ranges, 36.0°. Average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 125 stations, was 0.52 inch, which is 0.73 of an inch below normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, .40 inch, which is 0.65 inch below normal; central sec-' tion, 0.63 inch, which is 0.71 inch below normal; southern section, 0.53 inch, which is 0.84 inch below normal. The largest amount reported was 1.69 inches at Ottumwa; least amount reported, trace, at Estherville and Rock Rapids. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 1.27 inches at Ottumwa on the 28th. Average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, 3. Prevailing direction of the wind, north- west; highest velocity reported, 37 miles per hour, from the northwest at Sioux City on the 8th. Average number of clear days, 19; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 6. IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SIXTH ANNUAL TEAR BOOK — PART II. 181 DATES OF KILLING FROST, 1905. Killing: Frost. Last in Spring First in Autumn Killing: Frost. Last in spring:. First in Autumn Afton Albia Alffona Allerton Alta Alton Amana Ames Atlantic Audubon Baxter Bedford Belle Plains. .- Bonaparte Boone Britt Burline-ton Carroll — Cedar Rapids... Chariton Charles City — Clarinda Clear Lake Clinton Col. Springs .. Col. Junction... Corning' Corydon Cresco Creston Davenport Decorah Delaware Denison Des Moines .... DeSoto Dows Dubuque Earlham Elkader Elliott Estherville Fayette Forest City .. . Fort Dodge Galva Glenwood . Grand Meadow. Greene Greenfield Grinnell Grundy Center Guthrie Center Hampton Hancock Hanlontown . .. Harlan — Hopeville Humboldt Ida Grove • Independence Indianola . Inwood Iowa City Iowa Falls — April 18. April 19. May 26 April 18 May 26 . 1 22 Apr Aor: May May Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr: IVfay Apri May Apr' Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr May Apr Apr May April 16 May 26 April 22 May 5 May 26 May 26 April 30 April 30 May 26 May 28 April 30 April 30 May 5 April 18 April 30 April 30 April 30 1 22.. 26'! 26 . 1 27.. 1 22 . 1 22 . 1 09 1 19 ; 26.. 1 18 . 26 1 19.. 1 18.. 1 30 . 1 22 . 1 30 . 1 22 . 1 18 ., 1 18 ., 1 21 .. 1 18 ., 1 30 .. 1 19 ., 1 18 .. 1 22 ., 1 30 .. 26 . 1 18 ., 1 22 .. 26 .. May 26. May 26 April IS. May 26. May 26 April 30. April 22. October 12 October 12 October ll October 12 October ll October 11 October 12 October 11 October 11 October 11 October 12 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 12 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 11 October ll October 12 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 11 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 11 April 22 April 30 October 11 October 12 October 11 October 11 October 11 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 12 October 10 October 11 Sctober 12 ctober 12 October 12 October 12 October 10 October 11 October 12 Jefferson Keokuk Keosauqua — Knoxville . Larrabee LeMars Lenox Leon Little Sioux ... Logan Maquoketa • ... Marshallto^n Mason City . .. Massena Monticello Mt. Ayr Mt. Pleasant .. Mt. Vernon ... New Hampton Newton Northwood — Odebolt iOgden Olin Onawa Osage Oskaloosa Ottumwa Pac Junction Pella Perry Plover Pocahontas .. Red Oak Ridgeway Rock Rapids ... Rockwell City Sac City . St. Charles Sheldon Sibley Sidney Sigourney Sioux Center. . Sioux City Stockport Storm Lake. — Thurman Tipton Toledo Vinton Washington .. . Wapello . Washta Waterloo Waukee Waverly Webster City.. West Bend ... Whitten Wilton Junct .. Winterset Woodburn Zearing April 17 April 22 April IS May 26 . May 26 April IS April 18 April 21. May 5 . April 23. April 30 April 30 April 18 May 26 April IS April 19 April 18 April 30 April 18 April 30 May 8 April 30 April 22 April 21 April 30 April 22.. April is" Aprilis" Alay 26 . April 30 . April 19 . April 21 . May 8.. May 8 May 12 . April 18 . May 26 . May 26 . April 18 . April 22 . M!ay 8 April 24 . April 22 April 26 . April 22 . April 18 . April 18 April 28 . April 18 . Abril 18 . May 26 . April 30 . April 18 . April 30 . May 26 May 8 . May 26.. April 18.. April 18.. May ">ctober 12 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 11 October 12 October 21 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 11 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 12 October 11 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 21 October 11 October 18 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 12 October 11 October 12 October ll October 20 October 12 October 11 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 11 October 12 October 12 October 12 October 12 182 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CLIMATE AND CROP REVIEW, 1905. The mean temperature of the year 1905 was 47.3°, which is 0.4° be- low the normaL The daily average for the year was 1° above the mean of 1904, The average precipitation for the state, 36.51 inches, was 4.79 Inches above normal, and 7.77 inches above the average in the preced- ing year. January and February were colder than usual, the average for the former being 11.2°, and the latter 12.8°, or nearly 7° below normal. Considerable snow fell, and there was much stormy weather during those months. The fields generally were well covered by snow during the coldest periods, affording protection to winter grain and grasses. The last week in February was generally moderate, and March was phenominally warm, the mean temperature for the month being 9.1° above normal. Springlike conditions were continuous, except about 6 days in the second decade. The frost disappeared and the surface dried off rapidly. Much preparatory work was done the first half of the month, and considerable seeding of spring wheat, oats and barley was done in the latter half. Winter wheat, rye and clover showed but little damage from effects of freezing, and fruit buds were apparently un- harmed. The season for farm work and growth of vegetation was about a week earlier than the average. April brought unusually variable temperature, the average for the state being 1.8° below normal. Severe frosts were reported in all dis- tricts in every week, causing apprehension for safety of fruit buds. In portions of the southern section excessive moisture retarded plowing and seeding, but in the central and northern districts there was little hindrance to field work. At the close of April the season was some- what earlier than usual in respect to growth of grass and foliage, and more than the usual amount of plowing and other farm work had been done. And during the last three days of the month corn planting oper- ations were in progress in favored localities. About the usual acreage of oats, spring wheat and barley was sown in April. The temperature in May was 2,1° below normal, and the rainfall was 1.82 inches above the average. The larger portion of the excess of moisture fell in the northern half of the state, in the first and second decades of the month. Frosts were noted in all districts about the 5th and 26th, and at numerous stations the temperature fell to 32° or be- low; but the damage to vegetation was light. During the first week in May conditions were generally favorable for preparing the ground and planting corn on the best drained lands. The weather was wet, cool and backward from about the 7th to the 17th, causing delay in planting SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II. 183 operations and retarding germination of seed in the ground. The bal- ance of the month was variable, with some more than the average amount of moisture; but fair progress was made in planting, and cul- tivating the early planted fields. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, meadows and pastures made good growth in May. The average conditions of grain and grasses were nearly normal at the close of the month. June was about normal in temperature, and the rainfall was 1 inch above the state average. The distribution of rainfall was very un- equal, ranging from 1.80 inches at Forest City to 14.89 at Keosauqua. The greatest excess was recorded in the southeast district, and in the northwest counties. The first week was warm and mostly dry, afford- ing ideal conditions for growth of crops and cultivation of corn and po- tatoes. Some corn planting was done, in localities previously too wet, as late as the 12th to 15th of the month. The rainfall on the 9th and 10th was excessively heavy and destructive in Van Buren and adjoining counties; but the copious showers in other parts of the state were timely and beneficial to all crops. The third week was normal in tem- perature and amount of sunshine, with conditions favorable for clean- ing out the weedy fields, and general farm work. The month closed with a showery period of three to four days. Haying operations were begun somewhat earlier than usual, and the first cutting of clover suf- fered damage by the wet weather. The corn crop was aoing fairly well in the larger part of the state at the end of the month. The daily mean temperature of July was 3.8° below normal and the rainfall was 1.44 inches below the average of previous years. The first half of the month brought the bulk of the wet weather and conditions were more favorable during the latter half for harvest of hay and grain. The conditions were not altogether favorable in the early part of the month for finishing the cultivation of corn. The fields were not gener- ally clean as could be desired when laid by. The warmest period was from about the 13th to 20th, during which corn made rapid advance- ment. Spring wheat, rye and barley ripened under favorable conditions and the work of harvesting was well advanced in the latter half of July. As a whole July was a favorable month. With but little damage from excess or deficiency of moisture. The crops of wheat, oats, barley and rye secured were better in quality and yield than was deemed pos- sible in the early part of the season. At the close of the month corn gave promise of more than an average crop. August was above normal in temperature and rainfall. The mean temperature, 74.3° was 2.3° above normal, and 3.7° degrees higher than the daily average in July. From the first week to the close of the month the temperature was near or above the normal line. The rainfall was generally timely, and not greatly in excess of local needs in any part of the state, the distribution being more than usually favorable. In the state the average number of clear days was 16, and 9 were partly cloudy, affording ample sunshine to hasten growth of all belated crops. At the close of the month the corn crop was generally in the full roasting ear l84 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. stage or glazed, giving promise of reaching maturity in advance of the average date of killing frosts. Good progress was made during the month in threshing wheat, oats and barley; but in many localities these grains suffered some damage from exposure to showers while in the shock. There was a heavy growth of aftermath in meadows, and the pastures were about as green as in springtime. The potato crop suffered mater- ially from blight. The corn crop was seriously damaged by root worms in fields that had been planted two or more seasons in succession. September was about 2'^ above normal in temperature, with a small excess of rainfall. The coldest period of the month was the first decade and the warmest and brightest was the third decade. The distribution of rainfall was quite unequal, more than half the state receiving less that 3.00 inches, the heaviest amounts being recorded in portions of the southwest and northwest districts. During the stormy period from the 14th to the 18th severe windstorms swept over considerable areas in all districts, aggregating over one-third of the state. Corn was prostrated to an unusual extent, resulting in material damage in regions that were most severely stormswept. The extraordinary weather of the last de- cade was of in«Btimable value in bringing to maturity the late planted portion of the corn crop, affording ideal conditions for cutting fodder, threshing grain, putting up second crop of clover, aftermath and wild hay, fall plowing, etc. At the close of the month fully 98 per cent of corn was well matured. And most of the corn planted as late as June 15th was well ripened. An increased acreage of winter wheat was sown in September, and made an excellent stand. About the usual acreage of winter rye was sown. The first decade of October was warm and generally dry and clear, with conditions favorable for ripening all belated crops, and drying out the corn crop preparatory to husking, which was in progress in the lat- ter part of the month. The last decade was also very dry and clear, altogether the month of October was notable for its large percentage of sunshine and agreeable weather. The first killing frosts were reported about the 11th and 12th in all districts, after all crops were well ma- tured. Pastures were green, affording excellent grazing throughout the month. All minor crops, garden truck and fruit were harvested in due season, under favorable conditions. Except some damage to flattened corn by wet weather from the 15th to 20th, the conditions during Octo- ber were all that could be desired. The average temperature in November was 3.2° above normal. There was a large excess of clear or partly cloudy weather, as compared with the average. Conditions were unusually favorable for gathering corn, and all kinds of field work usual to the season. The bulk of the corn crop was husked in good condition for cribbing or shipping. Pastur- age was unusually good for grazing stock. Fall wheat and rye were looking well, and much fall plowing was in evidence in all parts of the state. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II 185 The closing month of the year was one of the fairest and most agree- able winter months ever known in this section. Altogether the crop season of 1905 will be remembered as one that contributed largely to the prosperity of the state and nation. CROP REPORT, JUNE 1, 1905. Following is a summary of the June 1st reports, received from county and township correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service. CoKX. — The reports showed an increase in the acreage in more than half the counties, and a slight decrease in some of the others wherein a portion of the acreage prepared for corn was too wet to plant prior to June 1st. The average increase for the State at planting appeared to be about three per cent. lue average condition of the corn crop was estimated ninety per cent, or about the same as last year on corresponding date. A consid- erable portion of the crop, however, was scarcely visible above ground on June 1st. The other staple farm crops were rated as follows, in condition: WixTEB Wheat. — 102 per cent; spring wheat, 99; oats, 95; barley. 96; rye, 98; flax, 94; potatoes, 97; meadows, 100; pastures, 97. CoxDiTioN OF Fexht. — Apples, SO per cent; plums, 70; peaches. 35; cherries, 65; grapes, 90; strawberries, 103; raspberries, 96; blackberries, 94. CoxDiTiox OF Live Stock. — Cattle, 100 per cent; sheep, 99; hogs, 99; spring pigs, 90; horses, 99; foals, 95. The area of spring vt'heat was reduced probably 10 per cent below the area harvested last year. The oats acreage, about the same as last year. Barley acreage was reduced 7 to 10 per cent. CROP CONDITIONS, JULY 1, 1905. Reports of crop correspondents showed the following averages of staple crops, July 1, 1905: Winter wheat, 99; spring wheat. 94; corn, 92; oats, 96; rye. 96; barley, 98; flax, 95; hay crop, 101; pastures, 105; potatoes. 98; apples, 65; grapes, 88; plums, 68 per cent. On July 1, 1904, spring wheat was rated 91; corn, 90; oats, 91; bar- ley, 93; flax, 89; hay, 90; pastures, 94; potatoes, 101; apples, 85 per cent. CROP CONDITIONS, AUGUST 1, 1905. The August 1st report of crop correspondents showed following esti- mates of the condition of crops on the percentage basis: Com, 94 per cent; spring wheat. 93; oats, 97; flax, 78; potatoes, 92; pastures, 103; apples, 40; grapes, 91. Last year at corresponding date the estimates were: Corn. 88; spring wheat, 75; oats, 89; flax, 94; pastures, 96; potatoes, 101; apples, 73; grapes, 86. 186 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. IOWA CROPS, 1905. FINAL REPORT FOR THE STATE. TOTAL YIELD; VALUE OF SOIL PRODUCTS AT FARM PRICES, DEC. 1, 1905. The crop season of 1905, as shown by tabulated reports from each county, was the best that has been reported in this state since 1900. Al- together the showing as to the aggregate yield and prices Of staple pro- ducts was beyond the estimates made during the early half of the season. Corn. — Reports showed unusual variation in the yield of corn, the averages by counties ranging from 25 to 45 bushels per acre, as a result of notable local differences in condition of the soil in the critical stages of the season. The first report of the season showed an average increase in the acreage of corn planted as compared with last year, but adverse local conditions in May and June caused a loss of acreage which was taken into account in the final estimate of the output. The census returns showed the total area of corn to have been 9,583,815 acres in 1904. The yield this year is based on a total of 9,285,150 acres, the aver- age yield for the state being 37.2 bushels per acre. The total product appears to be 345,871,840 bushels, which is 816,800 bushels in excess of the output of any previous year; but the average per acre was higher in four previous seasons since 1890. The average value of the corn crop on Dec. 1 was about 35 cents per bushel — total for the state $121,055,144. Wheat. — The yield and quality of winter wheat has been good this season, but the acreage was small. The total appears to be 1,253,020 bushels, an average of 20.2 bushels per acre, and quality good. The to- tal of spring wheat was 5,155,760 bushels — an average of 14.4 bushels per acre. The total wheat output (6,108,780 bushels) is worth $4,614,321 — an average of 72 cents per bushel. Oats. — The yield of oats 33.8 bushels per acre, was above the average, but the product was somewhat impaired by wet weather while standing in shocks. The total appears to be 146,439,240 bushels, which amount has been exceeded but once in the records of the state, and that was in 1895. The farm value of the crop Dec. 1 was 25 cents per bushel — total $36,609,810. Kte. — Total yield 1,283,500 bushels — an average of 18 bushels per acre. Value, $667,420, at 52 cents per bushel. Barley. — Average per acre, 27.5 bushels; total yield 15,566,770 bush- els. Value 33 cents per bushel; total value $5,137,034. SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II. 187 Flax Seed.— Amount produced, 173,710 bushels. Value $156,393, at 90 cents per bushel. Potatoes. — Bushels produced, 9,352,190 — average per acre 84 bushels; value 50 cents per bushel; total $4,676,045. Hay — TAME. — Area harvested 3,598,500 acres, total output 6,477,300 tons, or 1.8 tons per acre. Value of crop $35,625,150, at $5.50 per ton. Hay — wii-n. — Amount harvested 1,313,310 tons; an average 1.2 tons per acre. Value of crop $5,909,895 at $4.50 per ton. Pastueage and Grazing. — This item includes pastures, grazing in meadows, and grain fields after harvest and in corn fields in fall and win- ter months, and can be estimated only by reconing its value as a factor in the production of farm animals and animal products of all kinds. In my judgment the farms of this state should be credited with the full value of the soil output which is the real basis of our great animal in- dustry, and I have tentatively placed the estimate at about $400 per farm, believing that is below rather than above the average. The total output is placed at $80,000,000. TABULATED CROP SUMMARY. Crops. Total Products. Farm Value Dec. 1. Corn "Wheat Oats Barley Rye Potatoes Flax seed Hay (tame) • Hay (wild) • Pasturage and Grazing- (cornfields, etc.) • Buckwheat • Sweet potatoes • Sorghum and broom corn ■ Timothy seed •• Clover seed Millet and alfalfa Sweet corn Fruit crops and gardens., Total soil products S45,871,840 bus. 6,408,780 bus. 146,439,240 bus. 15.566,770 bus. 1,283,500 bus. 9,352,190 bus. 173,770 bus. 6,477,300 tons 1,313,310 tons Estimated $121,055,144 4,614,321 36,609,810 5,137,034 667,420 4,677,045 35,625,150 156.393 5,909,895 80,000,000 85,000 135,000 190,000 1.200,000 195,000 520.000 510,000 5,000,000 $302,286,212 In the above estimate of the value of cereal products no account was made of the increment derived from the consumption of these staple crops on the farms. 188 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. w &3 H Z D O CJ > iO OQ o 1 Oi Q _] p W ^ > O < « O CU H o Q Cti Z o < J '^ <^ X < fc Di W I'M W o < oi b: > < fec2 •sao^ 9UOX •spqsnq ■ajoB J9d sjaqsng •sjeqsnq •sjaqsnq •8J0B jad siaqsnfT OOOOOOQC lo c-i^Ti-T ICO 30 » ago CO -?■"?■? -^cs" c-^ioto oojocooao im com OOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOO ftOi-it - o o L.- HI o M o u-5 ui o M CJ o LS -J o M JO -r o f] in o la in o 3 i-i w lO o Mo:x?;i'Xiin-"rtox»-i-^~5X-<«r:in'»inx50-JJI»?T'«o;aM aomo5'Xiio»o^'»jow^roin-oo5iscDi.':t-'woa5X«o»r-35iaMO> ooxiMinaoiSXO". oaococ-isaooxoooint-oinoooinoaoow >oooooooooooo<: c^iOLnooinoxin:oincc. t-'»oxro«» — oooo o ; n ro n -cm X : t^ th in •»ccl- t-'* xcooc- • »S t -inx-Hcoxt-osoicDWt-t --T?5r-o;ot-xro?3'-ixt • •wsic-coo t-ooQin!nO'<»inMini--(Moo:o-Hininxooinooxininooin : :S : . : • ooooo . . .ooo o ..•-.•. .o . : :'^ : : : ;« r-\ '-' • ; ;N'-iN ; T-i ;;;;:; ;w ; ; ;0 ; ; . •xooirtci -ojosooo ■ Ci- t- rj t' in >oooooo< 50000000C _ _ _^ oooooooo ioini'35~-o»om:'i3o5-iXc-t-oxMt-5ri --^oa;int~t-«inr-H5oxo»"W'-i«»sr- - c~'si>i xxo omxc^-^xo-T-^ oooo in '* o o c-i -J in S c-i X « cr-r*c-^c>i x"cD of ■ — t-^crin •0>.-l«CO inoooinxr2in^*^xinMOo-*^Dt-asoMc^it*om • inxoo •eiaqsnq •9J0B jad siaqsng •ejaqstiq •aaoB jad siaqsng •sjaqsnq •ajoB aad siaqsng •spqsnq •ajoB jad sjaqsng •spqsnq ajDB jad Sjaqsng oopgooooooooooooooooooooooooos xx?3ooinoo!0050i'i-i«i->»ji?OT^ccaoM i>nm: » so i-iin M » — ■wMxxxt-fflininxpinNooxntoxinoNxxoM'w-HooiaiM ooooooooooooooooo eos>it-Moo2xx-»" »»?cC5>-tm«a:inX" oocooooc to o X in X n "» o 05 « X X •. xinxJocirit-mmt-M'w; • ^xc coino^^int^incoxcot^t^05r-r30oc^jc^iinxo^3^o^'9"0i _ . nxt~c hot in: " ^: X lo M "-I c^ o »»• -c 00 r^ o X X -^ 'w in e-j ;o as N in « in X t~ c^ o c. 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N i:^^ ^s>i'^ -5 ^1 ^ !j^ "!:; ^' -r' — ^-- ri: ^x;^ \ N N. t H4' ^^S^ ^ ■■§■;; % I \ en ^^^-^ ..El ^1^ j< " «% 3V' 194 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II. 105 . -^^^ ' . -ft. A .2>.' '?..J-M- ,.j.. ...:.-i 196 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II. U)7 19S IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II. 1119 200 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SIXTH ANNUAL YEA.R BOOK— PART II. 201 CROP STATISTICS, 1896-1905. COMPILED FROM ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE IOWA WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE. Average Rainfall, State Averag-es of Farm C rops 1896- Inches, May 1st 1905: Yield per Acre. 1 to Septem- 1 ber 1st. Year. "3 o5 S u 3! 3 3 c o i2 tS.r' .15 >>^ JJ OjC 'Si C C X CO t 3 s >, >. 3 hi ^ s-* ciX! >> CS O.C .w 3 3 o 32 ^ 2G « E PL, B § ^ ^ < H 1896 39 ?.9 13 13.4 26 30 29 25 16 15 9.5 10 87 60 1.5 1.6 6.6913.11 6.903.52 20.22 1897 1.92!3.8l|3.26ll.80| 10.85 189S 34.5 36.3 14.8;32 12.734 27.5 2».6 16 16.3 10.5 11.2 76 98 1.7 1.5 4.67 6.23 4.7212.98 3.441 15.81 1899 5.043.073.68: 18.02 1900 40.3 26.2 34 31 14.3;35 15.3:32 13 31 25.3 24.2 9=S 15.6 15.8 17 15.6 11.7 8.8 8 8.7 78 37.4 91 53.8 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.5 3.31 2.35 5.39 4.13 3.98:6.15 4.651 18.09 1901 3.71 2. .34 1.29: 9.69 1902 7.16 8.67 4.50 4.23 6.58 27.80 1903 12.6 25.9'24.7 3.43 12.29 1904 36 37.2 9.129.425 14.4J33.8 27.5 15 18 11 9.8 125 84 1.5 1.8 3 78 5.95 3.45 4.41 5.53 2.91 3:43 15.07 1905 4.05 18.44 Averages ... 34.3 13.7 80.9 25.8 16.03 9.9 70 1.5 Total Yield Iowa Stap e Crops, 1896-1905. u ej S * ll "3 il 03 "eS o3 03 V CO xi "^3 CM 1896 312,692,210 239,452,150 289,214,850 306,852,710 345,055,040 227,908,850 296,950,230 230,511,310 323,853,330 345,871,840 10,398,785 73,450,000 14,613,0541 132,517,150 22,321,268 139,915,340 19,900,830 140,647,300 21,288,350 138,832,300 18,295,O0O| 114,883,000 13,512,8401 92.907.900 1,891,716 3,490,344 3,370,550 2,061,160 1,621,130 859,630 882,830 1,923,060 1,517,090 1,283,500 18,901,010 1.890.101 15,881,618 1,946,720 14,076,850 2,498,600 14,138,000 2,376,600 14,719,3101 1,597,790 12,695,200 1.222,980 14,654,410: 916,890 15,380,910 755,350 12,179,790 355,160 12,317,710 591,140 15,566,770, 173,770 141,610,768'l3,035,000 14,814,795 10,051,910 12,538,410 15,252,930 10,850,900 5,098,460 5,701,440 1897 5,301,320 1898 1899 1900 1901 5,498,080 5,311,130 5,139,060 4,980,380 1902 12,051,670. 5,641.900 1903 10,916,730 8,097,430 6,408,780 145,843,067 14,584.306 99.012,660 118,435,570 146,439,240 1,197,040.460 119,704,046 6,082,694 5,216,404 1904 1905 14,255.680 4,099,090 9,352,190: 6,477,300 Total Average 2,918,362,520 110,349,839 53,366,074 291,836,252 14.161.076 1.303.500 11,034,983 5.336,607 202 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE •sjonpojd jios l-Bjoi JO ani^A $ 133,664,620 151,084,060 187,455,370 194,605,700 229,809,050 274,080,930 215,722,330 256,413,704 291,207,258 302,286,212 TO CO M 1 ^» TO cs CvT CO lg i: •anjBA ib;ox oooooooooin m' •<* t-h' o o e-i" t-^ -T t-^ lo jooxiras~J,-0-JO OrtOTC-iSiOOCvjOO 1 'j^ • to 1 • 1 e© •* ^ -^ to lo t^ CO lo in to

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OOOOO^ X X -#J X ^- C5 -J. c. ^ _. ^ < q; 0) SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II. 203 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION FOR THE STATE, 1896-1905 Y ear. _ O >» ^ >> ^ s Si p 'J5 s ■^ CD >> ^ c. o -J ►-5 ^ § •< 3 1-5 ►-^ < 02 O :2; I Q Inches. a; CXi s c 1S96 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 . . . . 1905 Averages . 0.48 0, 2.010. i.eoli, 28 0. 0.531 0.471. 88 28 1 1. 18 0. 91 1. Till. 10 88:2.39 20|1 94 89|1 62 2. 30!2 06 2. 0l'2.64!l 73 1.45 1 1 38 2 2 18 3. 2.04 3 1 8 3 51 4 6.68 192 4.67 6.23 3.31 2.35 5.39 8 55 3. 78 95 3.10 3.81 4.72 5. 04 3 98 3 71 7. 16 2 86 3 45 6 90 3.26 2.98 3 07 6.15 2.34 8 67 4 83 4 41 2 91 3 52 4 09 1.86 2 04 3.44I2 69 3.68 4.65 1 29 6 58 6 64 3 43 4 05 93 4.08 4.77 4 35 3 81 2 78 3 81 3 13 1 14 3.56 1 73 3 91 1 98 2. 54 1.95 1.67 3 40, 1 83 0. 66 1 2 50 1 2011 1 06 86 0. 2 13 2 0.52 15 1. 2 84 0. 33 4.55I3 91 3 33 2 50il 37 1 03 32.70 2 91 9 87 12. 65 37.23 65 26 97 48|31.34 61 28 68 45 34.15 93 24 41 23 43 82 41 35 39 4428.51 52 36 56 I 12 81 9 66 9 17 78|10.25 2. 28; 8 04 2. 68 6 78 3 84 1.84 4.54 3 28 1-87 3 03 3 00 12 91 9 59 11 02 13.53 8 93 11 14 11 79 14 78 7.34 22 41 14. .33 11 29 12 49 9. 05 3 84 7.75 3.86 9 05 7.61 9 02 6.28 4 60 10 05 7 11 204 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Acreage, Production, and Value of the Principal state and Terri- tories. Acreag-e. Yield per Acre. Produc- tion. Price per Bush. Total Farm Value. Acreagre. Yield per Acre. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts ■ . . Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania. Delaware .-. Maryland Virginia North Carolina.- South Carolina .. Georg-ia Florida Alabama. Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee West Virginia. ... Kentucky Ohio ... Michigan Indiana Illinois W^isconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri Kansas Nebraska .. South Dakota .... North Dakota Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona • Utah .. Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon . California Oklahoma Indian Territory. United States A cres . la.ooo 27,045 58,2:iS 44,709 10,011 55,595 013,10:i 277,749 1,441,797 196,472 628,795 1,859,610 2,704,772 1,878,978 4,295,924 645,410 2,90;i,483 2,099,8:50 1,424,562 6,532,095 2,215,245 3,188,53.3 705,541 3,195,072 2,973,529 1,228,704 4,597,804 9,016,886 1,473,613 1,507,614 9,285,150 0,014,639 6,977,467 8,035,115 1,623,105 89,405 3,941 2,107 116,659 39,423 7,614 11,353 5,506 10,796 17,556 56,592 1,902,948 1,905,131 Bush. 34.3 37.0 34.7 37.5 32 5 42.7 31.5 35.8 38.9 .30.4 36.9 23.4 13.9 10.9 11.0 10.1 14.8 14.3 13.7 21.3 17.3 24.6 29.8 29.7 37.8 34.0 40.7 39.8 37.6 32.5 37.2 33.8 27.7 32.8 31.8 27.5 19 4 26.9 23.8 25.3 27.0 36.2 27.2 24.2 23.0 32.0 25.3 82.7 94,528,922 28.8 Bushfilx 445,900 1,000,665 2,020,859 1,679,962 325,358 2,373,906 19,317,744 9,943,414 56,085,903 5,972.749 23,202,536 43,514,874 37,596,331 20,480,860 47,255,104 6,518,702 42,971,548 30,027,569 19,516,499 139,146,404 38,323,738 77,207,912 22,813,122 94,893,638 112,399.396 41,775,936 187,130,623 382,752,063 55,407,849 48,997,455 345,871,840 203,294,798 193,275,830 203,551,772 51,614,739 2,458,038 76,455 56,678 2,776,484 997,402 205,578 410,979 69 69 68 70 71 71. 61 55 54 47 48 53 64 74 70 66 64 65 61 49 55 50 53 43 43 46 38 38 42 33 35 37 33 32 31 36 08 75 47 69 97 70 149,763 201,263 403,788 1,810,944 48,144,584 62,297,784 66 60 59 76 32 37 2,748,753,004' 41.2 J) ■liars. 307,671 690,459 1,374,184 1,175,973 231,004 7,685,473 11,780,774 5,468,878 30,280,388 2,807,192 11,137,217 23,002,883 21,001,652 15,155,830 33,078,615 4,302,343 27,501,791 19,517,920 11,905,064 08,181,738 21,078,056 38,003,956 12,090,955 40,804,264 48,331,740 19,210,931 71,109,(OT 145,445,784 23,a7l,297 10,109,100 121,055,144 75,219,075 03,781,020 84,,330,507 10,000,509 885,110 51,989 42,,508 1,304,947 688,207 199,411 287,685 98,844 156,758 238,235 1,376,317 15,400,207 23,050,180 Acres. Bush. 490,521 110,075 1,029,279 121,001 809,019 738,480 593,325 318,419 305,298 108,446 2,619 1,249,207 198,077 881,750 355,535 779,642 1,882,907 1,027,204 1,931,774 1,871,974 117,794 62,030 2,259,866 5,289,740 2,091,393 196,066 478,647 372,852 1,886,238 1,434,648 270,261 21.0 16.4 17.1 13,8 16.3 11.4 6.7 6.1 6.9 9.6 10.8 ' 8^9" 7.9 7.2 12.3 11.3 17.1 18.5 18.3 16.0 19.2 20.2 12.4 13.9 20.4 32.0 28.3 21.1 9.3 8.2 10.0 1,131,011,674' 29,864,687 14.3 SIXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART II, 205 Farm Crops of the United States in 1905. "WHEAT, SPRING "WHEAT. Produc- tion. Pp^if Tot.^Farnv ^,,,3^, Bush. >ai«e. , Yield per Acre. Produc- tion. PjiS.^ Total Farm B?fsh.' Value. Bushels. Ctn Dollars. 7,780 Jivsh. 23.0 Bufhe s. 1S1.240 Cents. 106 Dollars. 192,114 ■"■90 1.461 las 24,467 24,720 86 88 87 82 82 88 102 111 107 ""ioi 95 10,300,941 1,805,230 97 g(50 (571 8,858,809 1,588,602 24,238,784 1,369,247 10,8-J1,368 7,408,431 4,054,784 2,156.015 2,254,015 '""1,051,493 26,871 .... ........ 1,669,814 13,196,790 8,418,672 3,975,278 1,942,356 2,106,556 1,041,082 2S,?S5 88 90 91 89 87 82 79 82 81 76 9,783,789 1,408,327 5,777,226 3,892,041 7,661,661 26,402,122 15,012,586 28,988,200 24,260,783 1,718,850 1,564,808 6,348,600 4,373,080 8,809,955 3^,197,710 19,003,274 35,351,464 29,951,584 2,261,645 356,439 5,446,183 358,003 '246,363 381,299 3,221,422 5,401,646 119,469 29,468 254,355 42,691 14,802 178,417 26,800 170,900 843,160 344,713 15.8 13.3 14.4 ■"li.i 14.0 13.7 14.0 23.8 25.4 25.0 22.2 22.4 26.4 27.0 23.8 22.5 16.0 5,631,73« 72,434,234 5,155,760 "'"'3,473,718 5,338,186 44,133,481 75,623,044 2,843,362 748,487 6,358,875 947,740 331,565 4.710,209 723,600 4,067,420 18,971,100 5,515,408 76 71 72 71 66 67 69 71 72 70 90 117 67 65 66 68 4,280,119 51,428,306 1,253,020 28,022,338 73.527,386 42,664,417 72 79 71 66 902,174 22,137,647 52,204,444 28,158,515 3,712,147 2,'466,'340' 3,523,203 29,569,432 52,179,900 2,018,787 538,911 4,451,212 852,966 387,931 3,155,840 557,172 6,274,112 13,545,710 7,867,177 17,542 013 66 65 68 82 69 77 4,140,914 8,804,712 5,349,680 14,384,451 8,117,239 2,081,010 2,643,823 12,520,926 3,750,477 11,764,114 2,702,610 4SS,4S8,634 7S.2 335,071,790 17,445.471 14.7 257.216.632 i 69.3 17S.2o4.3-26 206 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Acerage, Production and Value of the Principal Farm states and Terri- tories. Acreage. Yield per Acre, Produc- tion. Price. per Bush. Total Farm Value. BAR- Acreagre. Yield per Acre. Maine ... New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts ... Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina... South Carolnia .. Georgria Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee West Virginia.... Kentucky Ohio Michigan Indiana Illinois Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri. Kansas Nebraska South Dakota- ... North Dakota — Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California Oklahoma Indian Territory. United States 28,239,798 Acres. 112,817 12,174 78,526 6,372 1,604 10,077 1,258,210 62,512 1,161,186 4,124 33,160 176,459 203,815 187,509 233,250 29,957 191,853 90,374 27,715 914,440 192,261 151,106 82,182 223,982 1,061,260 1,009,802 1,343,706 3,740,275 2,527,692 2,151,192 3,939,200 723,709 857,868 1,886,270 720,603 1,197,799 178,911 45,548 137,929 11,912 879 44,067 6,267 98,058 164,540 281,842 168,755 294,442 201,607 Bush. 39.5 32.8 39.4 32.0 29.4 34.5 34.2 32.0 34.0 31.2 27.7 17.8 15.3 16.3 15. 1 12.0 16.5 18.5 16.0 31.4 20.3 20.2 24.1 25.5 35.8 35.6 35.3 35.5 39.0 37.5 33.8 27.2 27.1 31.0 39.0 38.9 41.3 39.9 35.0 29.5 31.2 39.8 37.2 39.4 50.0 24.1 28.0 33.0 36.0 Bushels. 4,343,454 399,307 3,093,924 203,904 47,158 347,656 43,030,782 2,000,384 39,480,324 128,669 918,532 3,140,970 3.118,370 3,056,397 3,522,075 359,484 3,165,574 1,671,919 143,440 28,713,416 3,902,898 3,052,341 1,980,586 5,487,559 37,993,108 35,948,951 47,432,822 132,779,762 98,579,988 80,669,700 146,439,240 19,684,885 23,248,223 58,474,370 28,103,517 46,594,381 7,389,024 1,817,365 4,827,515 351,404 27,425 1,753,867 233,132 3,863,485 8,227,000 6,792,392 4,725,140 9,716,586 7,257,852 34 968,540,257 Cents. 43 43 40 43 42 42 37 37 36 40 36 39 47 55 53 52 51 50 45 40 42 39 39 35 31 30 27 28 27 24 25 30 28 24 23 23 43 41 41 58 64 44 52 42 41 43 51 29 33 Dollars. 1,867,685 171,702 1,237,570 87,679 19,806 146,016 15,921,389 740,142 14,212,917 51,468 330,672 1,224,978 1,465,634 1,681,018 1,866,700 186,932 1,614,443 835,960 199,548 11,485,366 1,639,217 1,190,413 772,429 1,920,646 11,777,863 10,784,685 12,806,862 37,178,333 26,616,597 19,360,728 36,609,810 5,905,466 6,509,502 14,033,849 6,463,809 10,716,708 3,177,280 745,120 1,979,281 203,814 17,552 771,701 121,229 1,622,664 3,373,070 2,920,729 2,409,821 2,817,810 2,3