Oregon State Monographs Trematodes of the Pacific Northwest An Annotated Catalog Ivan Pratt James E. McCauley OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS • CORVALLIS Trematodes of the Pacific Northwest An Annotated Catalog ^^ STUDIES IN ZOOLOGY ^^J Number 11 — . m OREGON STATE MONOGRAPHS Studies in Zoology Ivan Pratt, Ph.D., Consulting Editor No. 1. The Amphibia and Reptilia of Oregon, by Kenneth Gordon No. 2. Birds of Oregon, by Ira N. Gabrielson and Stanley G. Jewett No. 3. An Annotated Check List of the Gastropods of Cape Arago, Oregon, by Myra Keen and Charlotte S. Doty No. 4. Key to the Nests of the Pacific Coast Birds, by Elmo M. Stevenson No. 5. The Natural History and Behavior of the Western Chip- munk and the Mantled Ground Squirrel, by Kenneth Gordon No. 6. The Marine Annelids of Oregon, by Olga Hartman and Donald Reish No. 7. The Sponges of the West Central Pacific, by M. W. de Laubenfels No. 8. Marine Amphipoda of Oregon, by J. Laurens Barnard No. 9. Organization, Histology, and Circulatory Pattern of the Near-term Placenta of the Guinea Baboon, Papio cyno- cephalus, Demerest, by Howard E. Hillemann No. 10. Determination of Some Predator Species by Field Signs, by Arthur S. Einarsen No. 11. Trematodes of the Pacific Northwest, An Annotated Cata- log, by Ivan Pratt and James E. McCauley Trematodes of the Pacific Northwest An Annotated Catalog Ivan Pratt Professor of Zoology >.^^ James E. McCauley | ^ Research Associate in Zoology , „ L 1 O \\ r\ i\ I V/. I;. I. OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS Corvallis, Oregon COPYRIGHT 1961 Oregon State University Press This book or parts thereof may be reproduced only with the permission of the publishers. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number : 61 — 63803 Printed at Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon Contents Page Introduction 1 Monogenetic Trematodes 5 Family ACANTHOCOTYLIDAE 5 Family CAFSALIDAE 5 Family CHIMAERICOLIDAE 6 Family DACTYLOGYRIDAE 6 Family DISCOCOTYLIDAE 7 Family GYRODACTYLIDAE 8 Family HEXABOTHRIIDAE 8 Family MICROCOTYLIDAE 9 Family MONOCOTYLIDAE 10 Family POLYSTOMATIDAE 10 Family UDONELLIDAE 11 Digenetic Trematodes 13 Family ACANTHOCOLPIDAE 13 Family ACCACOELIIDAE 13 Family ALLOCREADIIDAE 14 Family APOROCOTYLIDAE 17 Family AZYGIIDAE 17 Family BRACHYLAEMIDAE 18 Family BUCEPHALIDAE 19 Family CAMPULIDAE 20 Family CLINOSTOMATIDAE 21 Family CYCLOCOELIDAE 21 Family DICROCOELIIDAE 21 Family DIPLOSTOMIDAE 23 Family ECHINOSTOMATIDAE 26 Family FASCIOLIDAE 28 Family FELLODISTOMATIDAE 29 Family GORGODERIDAE 29 Family HEMIURIDAE 30 Family HETEROPHYIDAE 36 V Family LECITHODENDRIIDAE 11 Family LEPOCREADIIDAE 38 Family LISSORCHIDAE 39 Family MICROPHALLIDAE 39 Family MONORCHIDAE 40 Family NANOPHYETIDAE 40 Family NOTOCOTYLIDAE 42 Family OPECOELIDAE 44 Family ORCHIPEDIDAE 47 Family PARAMPHISTOMATIDAE 47 Family PHILOPHTHALMIDAE 49 Family PLAGIORCHIIDAE 50 Family PSILOSTOMIDAE 52 Family SCHISTOSOMATIDAE 53 Family SPIRORCHIDAE 55 Family STEGODERMATIDAE 55 Family SYNCOELIIDAE 55 Family ZOOGONIDAE 56 Digenetic trematodes of uncertain status 56 Host List 59 Invertebrate hosts 59 Fish hosts 62 Amphibian hosts IZ Reptilian hosts 74 Avian hosts 75 Mammalian hosts 11 Bibliography 81 Pacific Northwest Treniatode Theses 105 Index 107 Trematodes of the Pacific Northwest An Annotated Catalog Introduction No single work exists in which the trematode information of the Pacific Northwest has been gathered together. For those who deal with the parasites, their hosts, or the diseases of domestic and game forms, such a work will greatly reduce the time that must be spent in searching. Much of the informa- tion has previously been sought out in this laboratory; therefore, it seemed desirable to complete and publish a catalog. This monograph is the result. In it are included all records of trematodes from the Pacific Northwest with notes about each species, whenever additional information exists. The authors are primarily interested in the digenetic trematodes and the original plan was to catalog only that group. However, much monogenetic trematode information is included in the same literature; the list of known monogenetic trematodes is relatively short; so it seemed advisable to extend our work to include this group. Also, the catalog was to be limited to parasites of the state of Oregon, but further reflection encouraged us to include the entire Pacific Northwest; i. e. Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and British Columbia. There were several reasons for this decision. Political subdivisions are readily utilized because the borders are clearly defined and understood and because distributional records are reported by political areas. This area by reason of climate and drainages constitutes a fairly distinct zoogeographical region. The decision to eliminate California was based on several considerations: first, the fact that little is known of the trematode fauna of Northern Cali- fornia, especially in the area close to the Oregon border. Ingles (1936) con- sidered the trematodes of amphibians of Northern California and Haderlie (1953) the trematodes of fishes of Northern California; but with the excep- tion of these and a few short papers, nothing is known of the trematode fauna. Furthermore, the centers of trematode research have been in Berkeley, Stockton, and Dillon Beach, several hundred miles from Oregon; and trema- tode records tend to be concentrated in those areas. Many of the older records are listed only by state (or territory) and records from Southern California are not easily separated from those near the Oregon border. Furthermore, the trematode fauna of Southern California is quite dififerent from that of the Pacific Northwest. Therefore, we have not included any California records. Idaho was included because the center of trematode research, the Uni- versity of Idaho at Moscow, is located only three miles from the Washington state line. Many of the trematodes reported from Idaho have also been re- ported from Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. For British Columbia and Washington an almost identical marine trema- tode fauna has been reported. This, of course, is due to the close proximity of the areas of trematode research; Friday Harbor in the vSan Juan Islands of Washington, Nanaimo on Vancouver Island, and Vancouver on the mainland of British Columbia, all within 60 miles of each other. 2 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST The literature for the trematodes of the Pacific Northwest is centered around a few individuals and laboratories. From British Columbia the major contributions have come from the Laboratory of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada at Nanaimo and the University of British Columbia. McFarlane and later Margolis have made major contributions from the former research center, and Cowan and Adams and their students from the latter. From Wash- ington the major contributions have come from the University of Wash- ington and its Friday Harbor laboratories, from Guberlet and his students, and from Lynch. In Idaho the work has come from the University of Idaho under the leadership of Schell. From Oregon, work has been centered in Portland and Corvallis. In Portland Macy and his students have made con- tributions from Reed College, and later from Portland State College. From Corvallis at Oregon State University the earlier reports came from the De- partment of Veterinary Medicine under the leadership of Simms and later Shaw, and the more recent reports have come from the Zoology Department from Pratt, his students, and associates. In compiling this catalog a number of general references were used to establish synonymies, ranges, life histories, and general biology. Among these are the recent works of Yamaguti (1958), Skrjabin (1947-1958), Manter (1947, 1954), Dawes (1946, 1947), Winter (1955), and Sproston (1946). In general the synonymies in these works have been accepted unless there was general disagreement. Additional papers on the trematodes of the Northwest are scattered in many journals and are cited in the body of the text where they are pertinent. A few papers are not cited in the body of the text, but are included in the bibliography. These include the papers of Davis (1957) and Deforest (1958) who reported the incidence of trematode infection in the snails of Eastern Washington, and the paper of Jarcho and Burkalow (1952) which surveys schistosome dermatitis. None of these papers mentions the species of trema- tode involved. The general plan of this monograph is to include a complete list of the monogenetic and digenetic trematodes of the area, arranged alphabetically by families. Lender each species is included its synon3^my; a complete list of Pacific Northwest host records, as v/ell as an indication of other areas in which the trematode is found; comments about the taxonomy, if there is a disagreement, or if other problems appear to need clarification; citations of descriptions other than the original to which the reader might look for ad- ditional information, and figures to which he might refer if the original description was not readily available; and finally comments on the general biology, life history, distribution, or other facts which are known. A taxonomically arranged list of hosts and their naturally occurring para- sites is also included. Synonyms of hosts are given if parasites have been reported from them by obsolete names. The names of hosts have been taken from several sources. Fish names have been taken from Clemens and Wilby (1949) and Carl, Clemens, and Lindsey (1959). Professor R. E. Dimmick INTRODUCTION 3 of the Department of Fish and Game Management, Oregon State University. has also aided in the preparation of the fish host list. Amphibian and reptilian names are from Schmidt (1953). Bird names are from the American Orni- thological Union Checklist (1959). Mammalian names are from Hall and Kelson (1959). Marine moUuscan names have come from Abbott (1954). Fresh water molluscs in general follow the names of Ward and Whipple (1959) and Henderson (1929). Other invertebrate names are after Smith etal. (1954) and Ward and Whipple (1959). The bibliography is alphabetically arranged and includes all papers cited in the catalog as well as a few additional papers from the Pacific Northwest which deal with treatment, diagnosis, or other aspects of trematode parasitism, but do not add new host or distribution records. Unpublished theses and dissertations include many new distributional and host records. Many of these will subsequently be published, but others will not. To prevent a complete loss of these unpublished records, we are appending a list of them at the end of our bibliography. The index is an attempt to list all scientific and common names that appear in the text of the paper. A number of new host and distributional records are included and are indicated by an asterisk (*) instead of a bibliographic reference — followed by the county or counties where found. No attempt has been made to analyze the fauna critically or to make new synonymies. This catalog is a noncritical compilation of the published information that is available. Neither descrip- tions nor figures are included. The investigation was supported by a research grant, E 867, from the National Institute of Allergy'- and Infectious Diseases of the National Insti- tutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. Monogenetic Trematodes Family ACANTHOCOTYLIDAE Acantbocotyle pugetensis Guberlet, 1937 Host: Raja binoculata Wash. Guberlet, 1937 Bonham & Guberlet, 1938 There are no other records. Taxonomy: This species was named by Guberlet (1937) but described by Bon- ham and Guberlet (1938). Sproston (1946) is in error with Guberlet's date as 1936. Both Sproston and Winters (1955) accept Guberlet as the author even though the species was not described until later. Acantbocotyle paciBca Guberlet, 1937 Hosts: Raja binoculata Wash. Guberlet, 1937; Bonham & Guberlet, 1938 Raja stellulata Wash. Bonham & Guberlet, 1938 Raja rhina Wash. Bonham & Guberlet, 1938 There are no other records. Taxonomy : The same comments apply here as to /i. pugetensis. Family CAPSALIDAE Benedenia hendorffi (Linstow, 1889) Odhner, 1905 Synonyms: Phylline hendorffi Linstow, 1889 Epibdella hendorffi Monticelli, 1891 Price (1938) listed this parasite from an unidentified host from Spokane, Washington. It has also been reported from Europe (Linstow, 1889), Chile (Price, 1939a), and California (Heath, 1902). Entobdella squamula (Heath, 1902) Johnson, 1929 Synonyms : Epidella squamula Heath, 1902 Phyllonella squamula MacCallum, 1927 Hosts : Hippoglossus stenolcpis Alaska Guberlet, 1937 to Calif. Paraltchthys calif amicus Alaska Guberlet, 1937; to Heath, 1902 Calif.f Sebastodcs spp. Alaska Guberlet, 1937; to Calif. Heath, 1902 fThis may not be a Northwest record since this fish is not known to occur north of the California border. This parasite has also been reported from the Gulf of Mexico (Price, 1939a). Morphology : The morphology of this worm has been compared to that of other members of the genus by Ronald (1957). 6 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Megalocotyle marginata Folda, 1928 Synonym: Trochopos marginata (Folda, 1928) Price, 1936 Hosts : Sehastodes nebulosus Wash. Folda, 1928 Sehastodes maliger Wash. Bonham, 1950 Sehastodes caurinum Wash. Bonham, 1950 Sehastodes melanops Wash. Bonham, 1950 The only other report of this parasite is from Alaska from two species of Sehastodes (Bonham, 1950). Megalocotyle trituba Pratt and Aldrich, 1953 Hosts : Sehastodes paucispinns Ore. Pratt & Aldrich, 1953 Sehastodes alutus Ore. *Lincoln Co. Sehastodes diploproa Ore. ♦Lincoln Co. Sehastodes pinniger Ore. ♦Lincoln Co. Sehastodes ruhcrriniiis Ore. ♦Lincoln Co. This parasite has not been reported outside of the Pacific Northwest. Family CHIMAERICOLIDAE Chimaericola leptogaster (Leuckart, 1830) Brinkmann, 1942 Sj'nonym : Octohothrium leptogaster Leuckart, 1830 Host : Hydrolagus collei Wash. Bonham, 1950 Sproston (1946) listed records of this form from Chimaera monstrosa from the North and Mediterranean seas. Family DACTYLOGYRIDAE Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Wagener, 1857 Synonym : Gyrodactylus anchoratus Dujardin, 1845 Host : Cyprinus carpio B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 This parasite has been reported from a number of cyprinids from Europe (Sproston, 1946; Kastak, 1956). In North America it has been reported from New York (Mueller, 1936). This would appear to be a European species that was brought over with the host. Dactylogyrus banghami Mizelle and Donahue, 1944 Hosts : Richardsoniiis baltcatus B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 Rhinichthys caiaractae B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 Couesius plumbcus B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 This has also been reported from Ontario (Mizelle and Donahue, 1944). Morphology: Redescribed by Monaco and Mizelle (1955). Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) records of the parasite in the area. MONOGENETIC TREMATODES 7 Dactylogyrus columbiensis Monaco and Mizelle, 1955 Host : Ptychocheiliis orcgoncnsis B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932 Host: Cyprinus carpio B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 This form has been reported from New York (Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932) and Oklahoma (Roberts, 1957). Morphology : Additional by Mueller, 1936. Dactylogyrus mylocheilus Monaco and Mizelle, 1955 Hosts : Mylocheilus caurinum B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 Couesius plumhciis B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 Dactylogyrus ptychocheilus Monaco and Mizelle, 1955 Host : Ptychocheilus orcgoncnsis B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 Dactylogyrus richardsonius Monaco and Mizelle, 1955 Host : Richardsonius halteatus B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 Dactylogyrus tridactylus Monaco and Mizelle, 1955 Host : Ptychocheilus orcgoncnsis B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 Dactylogyrus vancleavei Monaco and Mizelle, 1955 Hosts : Ptychocheilus orcgoncnsis B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 Acrochcilus alutaceum B.C. Monaco & Mizelle, 1955 Family DISCOCOTYLIDAE Discocotyle salmonis Schaffer, 1916 Hosts: Prosopium williamsoni B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Salvelinus malnta B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 This trematode has been reported from New York by Schaffer (1916). Price (1943) reviewed the genus. Octomacrum lanceatum Mueller, 1934 Synonym: Octobothrium sagittatum Wright, 1879, nee Leuckart, nee. Olsson Hosts : Catostonius macro cheilus Idaho Fritts, 1959 Catostomus macrocheilus B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Catostomus catostomus B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Mylocheilus caurinum B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 This parasite has also been reported from New York by Mueller (1934). Octomacrum sp. Octomacrum sp. has been reported from Richardsonius halteatus and Coues- ius plumbcus from British Columbia (Bangham and Adams, 1954). 8 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Family GYRODACTYLIDAE Gyrodactylus couesius Wood and Mizelle, 1957 Host : Couesius plumbeus B.C. Wood & Mizelle, 1957 This form has not been reported elsewhere. Gyrodactylus elegans Nordmann, 1832 Synonym : Gyrodactylus japonicus Kikuchi, 1929 ( Yamaguti, 1940) Hosts : Salmo gairdnerii Wash. Guberlet, Hansen, & Kavan- augh, 1927 Gasterosteus aculeatus (Experimentally) Hansen & Kavan- augh Salmo clarkii Wash. Wood & Mizelle, 1957 Gasterosteus cataphractus Wash.f Guberlet, 1937 Salmo trutta Wash. Wood & Mizelle, 1957 Ophiodon elongatus Wash. Guberlet, 1937 Salvelinus fontinalis Wash. Wood & Mizelle, 1957 Sebastodes spp. Wash. Guberlet, 1937 ■\Gasterosteus cataphractus does not occur in the Pacific Northwest and is probably reported in error. It is assumed that this should be G. aculeatus. Sproston (1946) listed many records from Europe. Seamster (1938) and Mueller (1936) reported this form from elsewhere in the United States. It has also been reported from Japan (Kikuchi, 1929). Gyrodactylus elegans is con- sidered an important pathogen of fish especially in hatcheries. Mizelle (1938) reviewed the literature of the family and control of epidemics. Gyrodactylus sp. Griffith (1953) reported Gyrodactylus sp. from Catostomus columbianus pa- louseaniis from Washington; Shaw, Simms, and Muth (1934) reported it from Salmo gairdnerii from Oregon; and Shaw (1933) reported it from hatcheries in Oregon. Family HEXABOTHRIIDAE Rajonchocotyle batis Cerfontaine, 1899 Synonyms : Rajonchocotyle ovata Guberlet, 1937 Rajonchocotyle zvehri Price, 1942 Hosts : Raja binoculata Wash. Guberlet, 1937 ; Bonham, 1950 Raja stellulata Wash. Price, 1942 Cerfontaine (1899) reported this worm from Raja batis from Europe. Win- ters (1955) considered R. ovata and R. zi'ehri to be synonj'ms of R. batis al- though Sproston (1946) had not done so. MONOGENETIC TREMATODES 9 Squalonchocotyle somniosi (Causey, 1926) Guberlet, 1933 Synonym : Onchocotyle somniosi Causey, 1926 Host: Somniosus microcephalus Calif. Guberlet, 1937 to Alaska Causey (1926) reported this form from Alaska. Squalonchocotyle abbreviata (Olsson, 1876) Cerfontaine, 1899 SynonjTns : Onchocotyle abbreviata Olsson, 1876 Onchocotyle striata Miller, 1927 Erpocotyle striata (Miller, 1927) Price, 1942 Erpocotyle abbreviate (Olsson, 1876) Price, 1942 Host : Squaliis suckleyi Wash. R. C. Miller, 1927 ; Guberlet, 1932a, 1937; Bonham, 1950 This form has also been reported from Europe by Olsson (1876), and the Siberian Pacific by Layman (1930). Slinn (1957) reported it as Erpocotyle ab- breviata from Great Britain. Squalonchocotyle grisea Cerfontaine, 1899 Synonyms: Onchocotyle appendiculata Taschenberg, 1879 Neoerpocotyle grisea (Cerfontaine, 1899) Price, 1942 Host : Hcxanchus grisciis Wash. Bonham, 1950 This form has been reported from the Mediterranean by Cerfontaine (1899), Stossich (1898), and Taschenberg (1879). Rees and Llewellen (1941) reported it from Ireland. Family MICROCOTYLIDAE Microcotyle chin' Goto, 1894 Host : Hexagranimos decagrammos Wash. Bonham, 1950 Other hosts have been reported from Japan (Goto, 1894). Microcotyle sebastis Goto, 1894 Hosts : Scbastodes ^naliger Wash. Bonham & Guberlet, 1937 Sebastodes mclanops Wash. Bonham & Guberlet, 1937 Sebastodes mclanops Ore. *Lincoln Co. Sebastodes caurinus Wash. Guberlet, 1937 Ophiodon elongatus Wash. Guberlet, 1937 This form has also been reported from Japan (Goto, 1894; Yamaguti, 1934). Microcotyle sp. Microcotyle sp. has been reported from Radulinus asprclhis from Washing- ton by Bonham (1950). Tripathi (1956) included a key to the genera of Microcotylidae. * Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. 10 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Family MONOCOTYLIDAE Merizocotyle pugetensis Kay, 1942 Host : Raja hinoculata Wash. Kay, 1942 ; Bonham, 1950 There are no other records. Family POLYSTOMATIDAE Polystomoides coronatus (Leidy, 1888) Price, 1939 SynonjTOS : Polystoma coronatum Leidy, 1888 Poly stoma opacum Stunkard, 1916 P. (Polystomoides) coronatum Ward, 1917 Polystoma mcgalocotyle Stunkard, 1916 Polystoma microcotyle Stunkard, 1916 Polystomoides megalocotylc (Stunkard, 1916) Stunkard, 1924 Polystovia alhicoUis MacCallum, 1918 Polystoma digitafum MacCallum, 1918 This synon_\iny is after Sproston (1946). Host: Clemmys )naniiorata Ore. Thatcher, 1954 This form has been reported from places in North America outside of the Pacific Northwest by Steward (1914), Stunkard (1916, 1917, 1924), Price (1939b), and Harwood (1932). It has al.so been reported from Japan bv Fukui and Ogata (1939). Neopolystoma orbiculare (Stunkard, 1916) Price, 1939 SsmonjTTis : Polystoma orbiculare Stunkard, 1916 Polystomoides orbiculare (Stunkard, 1916) Ozaki, 1935 Polystoma oblongum Leidy, 1888, nee. Wright, 1879 Polystoma troosti MacCallum, 1918 Polystoma inerme MacCallum, 1918 Polystoma elegans MacCallum, 1918 Polystoma spinulosa MacCallum, 1918 Polystoma aspidonectis MacCallum, 1918 Polystoma floridaniim Stunkard, 1924 Synonymy after Sproston (1946). Host : Clemmys ■mar)iiorata Ore. Thatcher, 1954 Additional hosts have been reported by all of the above authors from turtles from North America, many from aquaria. MONOGENETIC TREMATODES 11 Family UDONELLIDAE Udonella caligorum Johnston, 1835 Synonyms : Amphihothrium kroeycri Leuckart, 1847 Udonella lupi van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Udonella nicrlncii van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Udonella pollachii van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Udonella sciaenae van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Udonella triglae van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Echinella hirudinis van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Pteronella molvae van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Udonella caligaruin Taschenberg, 1879 Fodarcella cancer illae Giard, 1889 Nitcchia papulosa Linton, 1898 Lintonia papulosa (Linton, 1898) Monticelli, 1904 Udonella socialis Linton, 1910 Calinella myliobati Guberlet, 1937 Host: Caligus sp. on Raja binoculata Wash. *San Juan Co. Guberlet (1937) reported this form on other hosts from California. Sproston (1946) included reports from most of Europe and from Florida. The following copepods were included by Sproston (1946) as known hosts of this form: Caligus sp., Anchorella sp., Cancerilla tabulata, "Argulus sp.," Alebion carchariac, Treb- ius caudatus, Caligus ciirtis, C. ccntrodonti, and C. labracis. Udonella ophiodontis (Kay, 1945) Winter, 1955 Synonym : Calinella ophiodontis Kaj', 1945 Host : Lepeophtheirus sp. on Ophiodon elongatus Wash. Kay, 1945 This form has not been reported elsewhere. Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) rejwrts of the parasite in the area. Digenetic Trematodes Family ACANTHOCOLPIDAE Stepbanostomum casum (Linton, 1910) McFarlane, 1934 Synonyms : StepJianochasnius casum Linton, 1910 Lechradena cdentula Linton, 1910 Stephanostomum cdentula (Linton, 1910) Yamaguti, 1953 Hosts : Sehastodes sp. B.C. McFarlane, 1934 Ophiodon elongatus B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Also reported from Mexico (Bravo-Hollis, 1956), Florida (Linton, 1910; Manter, 1947), Japan (Yamaguti, 1934) and North Carolina (Manter, 1931). Morphology: This form was described and figured by McFarlane (1934, 1936) and Manter, (1947). Nothing is known of the life history of this form. Stephanostomum tristephanum McFarlane, 1936 Hosts : Ophiodon elongatus B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Wash. McFarlane, 1936; Ching, 1960b This form has not been reported elsewhere. Family ACCACOELIIDAE Accacladocoelium macrocotyle (Diesing, 1858) Odhner, 1928 Synonyms : Distoma macrocotyle Diesing, 1858 Podocotyle macrocotyle (Diesing, 1858) Stossich, 1898 Host: Mola mola Ore. *Pacific Ocean off Newport Other records from Massachusetts (Linton, 1913), Ireland, Scandinavia, Mediterranean area, and North America according to Yamaguti (1958). Nothing is known of the life history. Odhnerium calyptrocotyle (Monticelli, 1893) Yamaguti, 1934 Synonyms : Distoma calyptrocotyle Monticelli, 1893 Mneidodhneria calyptrocotyle (Monticelli, 1893) Dollfus, 1935 Accocoelium calyptrocotyle (Monticelli, 1893) Luhe, 1900 Orophocotyle calyptrocotyle (Monticelli, 1893) Looss, 1902 Distomum foliatum Linton, 1898 (Yamaguti, 1953) Orophocotyle foliata (Linton, 1898) Looss, 1902 Mneiodhneria foliata (Linton, 1898) Dollfus, 1935 Host: Mola mola B.C. Lloyd, 1938 Additional hosts include Beroe ovata from Naples (Monticelli, 1893) and Mola mola from Japan (Yamaguti, 1934) and New Zealand (Manter, 1954). Nothing is known of the life cycle. Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area, 13 14 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Family ALLOCREADIIDAE Allocreadium lobatum Wallin, 1909 Hosts : Salmo gairdneri kamloops B.C. Bangham & Adanis, 1954 Catostomiis catostomus B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Prosopiuin williamsoni B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Piychocheilus oregonensis B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Couesius plumbeus B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Mylocheilus caurimun B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Additional hosts have been reported from New York (Mueller, 1934), Maine (Wallin, 1909), Wisconsin (Pearse, 1924; Fischthal, 1950), Delaware (Hunninen, 1936), Quebec (Bangham and Venard, 1946), Wyoming (Bang- ham, 1951). Morphology: Mueller (1934) partiallj' described this form. Biolog}^ : The life history of this form is not known, but that of another species in this genus has been worked out by Seitner (1951). Bunodera eucaliae (Miller, 1936) Miller, 1940 Synonym : Bimodcrina eucaliae Miller, 1936 Hosts : Gasterosteus aculeatus B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Eucalia inconstans B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Gasterosteus aculeatus Ore. *Benton Count}- Additional hosts have been reported from Maine (Mueller, 1936), Wiscon- sin (Bangham, 1944), and Lake Huron (Bangham, 1955). Morphology: The onlj^ description is the original one by Miller (1936). Biolog)': Hoffman (1955) has worked out the life cycle but has not proved it experimentally. The cercariae develop in a clam of the genus Pisidiwn and do not require a second intermediate host. Crepidostomum cornutum (Osborn, 1903) StafFord, 1904 Synonyms : Bunodera cornuta Osborn, 1903 Distonium nodulosum (Zeder, 1800) Wright, 1884 Distoinuii! auritus MacCallum, 1918 (?) Hopkins, 1934 Host: Gasterosteus aculeatus Ore. *Linn County Additional hosts have been listed by Hopkins (1934) from Ontario, Michi- gan, New York, Illinois, Mississippi, Quebec, Ohio, Wisconsin, Alabama, and Louisiana. Morphology: This form was described in detail by Hopkins (1934) but was not figured in his paper. Biologj' : Oculate xiphidiocercariae develop in Mtisculium or Sphaerinui and encyst in crayfish. Contributions to the life history have been made bv Bang- ham (1926), Hopkins (1933), Abernathy (1937)^ Ameel (1937), Henderson (1938), Hussey (1941), Parker (1941), and Cheng (1957b). Cheng and Jcuues (1960) described some of the embryology. Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reix)rts of the parasite in the area. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 15 Crepidostomum cooperi Hopkins, 1931 Synonj-ms : Crepidostomum ambloplitis Hopkins, 1931 (Hopkins, 1934) C. solidum Van Cleave & Mueller, 1932 (Hopkins, 1934) C. fausti Hunninen & Hunter, 1933 (Hopkins, 1934) Hosts : Salvelinus fontinalis S. malma Ore. Shaw, Simms, & Muth, 1934 Ore. Shaw, 1947; Shaw, Simms, & Muth, 1934 Ore. Shaw, 1933, 1947 Ore. Shaw, Simms, & Muth. 1934 Sahno gairdncri Crayfish and mayflies Additional hosts have been reported from Ontario, New York, Maine, Il- linois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma (Hopkins, 1934), and Quebec (Choqu- ette, 1954). Morphologj': Described and figured by Hopkins (1931, 1934). Biology : Ocellate xiphidiocercariae develop in species of Musculium or Pisidiuni and encyst in nymphs of mayflies or other aquatic insects or crustaceans (Hopkins, 1934; Choquette, 1954). Crepidostomum farionis (O. F. Mueller, 1784) Braun, 1900 Synonyms: Fasciola farionis O. F. Mueller, 1784 F. truttae Froelich, 1789 Distoma laureaium Zeder, 1800 Fasciola laureata (Zeder, 1800) Nermann, 1840 Crossodera laureata (Zeder, 1800) Cobbold, 1860 Distoma farionis (O. F. Mueller, 1784) Blanchard, 1891 Crepidostomum laurcatum (Zeder, 1800) Braun, 1900 Stephanophialia transmarina Nicoll, 1909 S. laureata (Zeder, 1800) Nicoll, 1909 S. farionis (O. F. Mueller, 1784) Faust, 1918 5". vitelloba Faust, 1918 Crepidostomum ussuruense Layman, 1930 C. vifellobmn (Faust, 1918) Hopkins, 1931 Hosts: Sahno gairdneri Ore. Shaw, 1947 Bangham & Adams, 1954 *Benton County Bangham & Adams, 1954 Bangham & Adams, 1954 Bangham & Adams, 1954 Bangham & Adams, 1954 Bangham & Adams, 1954 Bangham & Adams, 1954 Bangham & Adams, 1954 Bangham & Adams, 1954 Bangham & Adams, 1954 Bangham & Adams, 1954 Sahno gairdneri Ore. B.C. Salmo clarkii Ore. B.C. S. gairdneri kamloops B.C. Salvelinus fontinalis B.C. S. malma B.C. Oncorhynchus kisutch B.C. 0. nerka B.C. 0. nerka kenncrlyi B.C. Lota lota B.C. ProsopitDii z^'illiainsoni B.C. Thymallus arcticus B.C. * Asterisk.5 denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in tlie area. 16 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Bangham and Adams (1954) considered this to be the principal parasite o£ fresh water fish of British Columbia. Hopkins (1934) summarized the distribution of this form and reported it from most of northern Europe, Siberia, and Great Britian, as well as from Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, and Vermont. Recent workers have reported it from Czechslovakia (Dyk, Lucky, and Valenta, 1954), Wales (Thomas, 1958), Quebec (Bangham and Venard, 1946), Wyoming (Bangham, 1951) and California (Haderlie, 1953). Yamaguti (1958) stated that it had been reported from Morocco but did not cite his reference. This reference is unexpected since all other records are boreal. This is primarily a parasite of salmonid fishes, though a few other hosts have been reported. Morphology: This form has been redescribed in detail by Hopkins (1934). Biology: Thomas (1958) discussed the general biology of the species. The life history has been worked out by Brown (1927) and Crawford (1943). Ocellate xiphidiocercariae develop in species of Pisidium and encyst in species of mayfly. Crepidostomum isotomum Hopkins, 1931 Host: Cottus asper B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 This form has been previously reported only by Hopkins (1931, 1934) from Illinois. Morphology: Described only by Hopkins (1931, 1934). Biology: Hopkins (1934) has worked out the life history with admittedly weak evidence and has found ocellate xiphidiocercariae to develop in Sphaerium and encyst in mayfly nymphs. Crepidostomum sp. Forms reported as Crepidostomum sp. have been reported from British Columbia by Bangham and Adams (1954) from Thymallus arcticiis and Lota lota. Shaw (1947) reported Crepidostomum sp. from Salmo clarki and Salvelinus fontinalis from Oregon. Plagiocirrus primus Van Cleave and Mueller, 1932 Host: Catostomus macrocheilus Idaho Fritts, 1959 Reported by Van Cleave and Mueller (1932, 1934) from New York, and has not been reported elsewhere. The description by Van Cleave and Mueller is adequate and figures appear in both the 1932 and 1934 papers. Plagiocirrus testeus Fritts, 1959 Host : Catostomus machrocheilus Idaho Fritts, 1959 This is the only paper which mentioned this species. Plagiocirrus sp. Bangham and Adams (1954) reported Plagiocirrus sp. from Catostomus catostomus from British Columbia. AUocreadiidae Grifiith (1953) reported AUocreadiidae from Catostomus macrocheilus from Eastern Washington. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 17 Family APOROCOTYLIDAE Aporocotyle simplex Odhner, 1900 Hosts: Sebastodes sp. B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Sebastodes maliger Wash. Ching, 1960b This species has previously been reported from Sweden (Odhner, 1900) and the Russian arctic (Skrjabin, 1951). Morphology: This form was redescribed by McFarlane (1936) and figured and described by Skrjabin (1951). Nothing is known of the life cycle of this genus. Sanguinicola klamathensis Wales, 1958 Host : Salmo clarki henshawi Ore. Wales, 1958 This is the only record of this trematode. Biology: Furcocercous cercariae develop in Flumenicola virens, penetrate fish, and mature in the veins of the gills. Miracidia being released cause damage to the gills and heavy mortality to fish hosts (Wales, 1958). Family AZYGIIDAE Otodistomum veliporum (Creplin, 1837) Stafford, 1904 Synonyms : Distoma veliporum Creplin, 1837 D. insigne Diesing, 1850 Fasciola squali grisei Risso of Deising, 1850 D. microcephalum Band, 1853 D. cestoides Beneden, 1870 D. nigrescens Olsson, 1876 Agamodislomum chimerae Ariola, 1899 Xenodistomum melanocystis Stafford, 1904 Otodistomum cestoides Beneden of Odhner, 1911 Cercaria cestoides Nicoll, 1913 Otodistomum cestoides Dollfus, 1937 O. cestoides pacificum Dollfus, 1937 O. veliporum leptotheca Dollfus, 1937 O. veliporum veliporum Dollfus, 1937 O. veliporum pachytheca Dollfus, 1937 O. pristiophori (Johnstone, 1902) (Probably) Distom^a pristiophori (Johnstone, 1902) (Probably) The above synonymy is after Rees, 1953. Hosts : Raja binoculata Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Hexanthus griseus Wash. *San Juan County Raja binoculata Ore. *Lincoln County * Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. 18 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Additional hosts have been siunmarized bj' Dollfus, (1937b) but must be examined under the various synonyms as noted above. He listed hosts from the Mediterranean, Norway, France, Canada, New Zealand, Alaska, Sweden, Belgium, Great Britain, Chile, Siberia, and Australia. Nicoll (1915b) listed additional British hosts; Rees (1953) listed hosts from Iceland, and Heller (1949) listed hosts from Canada. Morphology: Manter (1926) described this worm in great detail. Biology: The life history is not completely known. The adult, egg, and miri- cidium were described by Manter (1926), and metacercariae have been found encysted in Glyptocephaliis cynoglossus and Chimaera nionstrosa. The defini- tive host is usually a selachian (Nicoll, 1913; Dollfus, 1937b). Otodistomum plicatum Kay, 1947 Host : Hexanthus griseus Wash. Kay, 1947 There are no other records of this form. Family BRACHYLAEMIDAE Brachylaime fuscatus (Rudolphi, 1819) Synonyms: Distonui fuscatuin Rudolphi, 1819 Harmostommn nicolli Witenberg, 1925 H. (Harmostonmm) fuscatum Witenberg, 1925 Harmostomum pcUuciduvi Werby, 1928 Bradhylacma pcllticichim (Werby, 1928) Sinitsin, 1931 Host : Turdus migratoriiis Wash. Werby, 1928a Additional hosts are listed in Yamaguti (1958). Taxonom}' : Kruidenier and Gallicchio ( 1959) have shown the correct designa- tion of the genus to be Brachylaime. Morphology: Skrjabin (1948) described and figured the worm. Dawes (1946) also described the form. Biology : The life history has been partially worked out by Joyeaux, Baer, and Timon-David (1934) and by Timon-David (1954) and involves a cer- caraeum developing in the kidney of Helix pisana and becoming an adult in passerine birds. Glaphyrostomum propinquum Braun, 1901 Synonym: Glaphyrostomtuii sanguinolentum Werby, 1928 (Sinitsin, 1931) Host : Opornis tolmiei Wash. Werby, 1928b Additional hosts are listed in Yamaguti (1958). Taxonomy : There is some disagreement as to the correct disposition of Werby 's species. Dawes (1946) and Yamaguti (1958) accepted Sinitsin's (1931b) proposal, but Skrjabin (1948) retained Werby's species. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 19 Family BUCEPHALIDAE Rbipidocotyle elongatum McFarlane, 1936 Hosts: Ophiodon elongatus B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Ophiodon elongatus Wash. Ching, 1960b Biology : The life cycle for this form is not known, but other species in the genus have been shown to have distinctive cercariae which develop in mussels and encyst in the tissues of small fish before reaching the definitive host (Kniskern, 1952). Bucephalopsis ozakii (Ozaki, 1928) Nagaty, 1937 Synonyms: Bucephalopsis ovatus Ozaki, 1928 (Preoccupied by B. ovattis Linton, 1900) Hosts: Salvelinus niahiia B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Platyichthys stellatus Ore. ^Lincoln Co. Leptocottus armatus Ore. ^Lincoln Co. This form has also been described from Korea (Ozaki, 1928). Biologj' : The life history of this form is unknown, but the closely related Bucephalopsis haemiamis has been shown to develop in the oyster, encyst in Menidia, and develop to maturity in various fishes (Palombi, 1934). Prosorhynchus squamatus Odhner, 1905 Synonyms : Bucephalus crux Levinsen, 1881 Prosorhynchus grandis Lebour, 1908 Prosorhynchus triglac Nicoll, 1914 Host: Enophrys bison Ore. *Lincoln Co. Additional hosts have been reported from England by Dawes (1946), Nicoll (1907a, 1910a, 1915b), Arctic Russia by Issaitschikow (1928), and Chubrick (1952), Sweden by Levinsen (1881), and Japan by Ozaki (1924). Biology: Chubrick (1952) concluded that the cercariae from Mytilus edulis and the metacercariae from Liparis liparis are the intermediate stages of this form in the Barents Sea; and that sometimes it is progenetic in the liparid. Prosorhynchus scalpellus McFarlane, 1936 Host: Scorpaenichthys marmoraUis B.C. McFarlane, 1936 This species is not reported elsewhere. Taxonomy: Nagat>- (1937) considered tliis as a synonym of Prosorhynchus crucibulus. Biology: The life history is unknown (see Biology section under P. squamatus above). * Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. 20 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Prosorhynchus facilis (Ozaki, 1924) Eckmann, 1932 Synonyms : Prosorhynchus apertus McFarlane, 1936 Gotonius facilis Ozaki, 1924 Hosts: Ophiodon elongattis B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Ophiodon elongattis Wash. Ching, 1960b Additional hosts reported by Yamaguti (1953). Morphology: McFarlane (1936) described it as P. apertus with figures. Biology: The life history is unknown (see Biology section of P. squamatus above). Family CAMPULIDAE Campula oblonga (Cobbold, 1858) Braun, 1900 nee Cobbold, 1876 Synonyms: Distoma ohlongum (Cobbold, 1858) Braun, 1892 Distoma (Brachylaiinus) ohlongum (Cobb., 1858) Stoss., 1892 Distomum tenuicolle Rudolphi, 1819, of Olsson, 1893 Brachycladium ohlongum (Cobb., 1858) Looss, 1902 Opisthorchis ohlonga Kowalewski, 1898 Host : Phocaena vomerina Wash. Ching & Robinson, 1959 For other hosts see Yamaguti (1958). Morphology: Described and figured by Skrjabin (1948) and by Dawes (1946). No life histories are known for this genus. Hadwenius nipponicus Yamaguti, 1951 Host: Phocaena vomerina Wash. Ching & Robinson, 1959 For other hosts see Yamaguti (1951). Life histories are unknown for this genus. Lecithodesmus goliath (van Beneden, 1858) Odhner, 1905 Synonym : Distomum goliath van Beneden, 1858 Host: Balaenoptera physalus B.C. Margolis & Pike, 1955 For other hosts see Dawes (1946) or Yamaguti (1958). Morphology: This form has been described and figured by Braun (1902), Odhner (1905), Price (1932a), Dawes (1946), and Skrjabin (1948). Lecithodesmus spinosus Margolis and Pike, 1955 Host : Balaenoptera horealis B.C. Margolis & Pike, 1955 No life history is known for this genus. There are no other reports of this species. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 21 Family CLINOSTOMATIDAE Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1809) Synonyms : See note in Taxonomy below. Hosts : Birds of the Heron group Larvae in Mylocheilus caurinus Larvae in Richardsonius balteatus Pac. N.W. B.C. Guberlet, 1927 Bangham & Adams, 1954 B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Additional host references in Yamaguti (1958), Harmes (1959), and Schwartz (1956). Taxonomy: This species has not been definitely placed taxonomically. European workers (Dawes, 1946; Skrjabin, 1947d; Jaiswal, 1957) placed this in synonymy with C. complanattim (Rudolphi, 1819). Yamaguti (1958) showed the status of the species to be imclear. American workers accepted C. marginatum as the valid name as evidenced by continued reports of the species (Kruidenier, 1951; Hollis and Coker, 1949; Cameron, 1945; Bang- ham and Adams, 1954). Biology: Furcocercous cercariae with fin folds develop in Helisoma antrosum and H. campanulatum; metacercariae encyst in many fish and develop to maturity in herons (Hunter and Hunter, 1934, 1935, 1935b; Cameron, 1945). Cameron (1945) also stated that man has been a host elsewhere. Family CYCLOCOELIDAE Cyclocoelum obscurum (Leidy, 1887) Harrah, 1922 SjTionym : Monostomum obscurum Leidy, 1887 Hosts : Reported from an unknown host from Spokane, Washington, by Harrah, 1922. Additional hosts (Harrah, 1922; Tubangui, 1933). Family DICROCOELIIDAE Athesmia jolliei Schell, 1957 Host: Falco sparverius Idaho Schell, 1957 No other record is known. No life history is known for this genus. Brachycoelium salamandrae (Frolich, 1789) Stiles and Hassell, 1898 Synonyms: Fasciola salamandrae FroVich, 1789 Distoma salamandrae Zeder, 1803 Distoma crassicolle Rudolphi, 1809 Distomum flavocinctum Linstow, 1879 Brachycoelium crassicolle (Frolich, 1789) Looss, 1899 Lecithodendrium crassicolle (Frolich, 1789) Stossich, 1799 Brachycoelium hospitale Stafford, 1903 22 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST The above siiionymy is after Cheng (1958). Rankm (1938) reduced all the American species to synonymy with this species, but a restudy by Parker (1941) and later by Cheng (1958) indicated that this probably was not correct. Hosts : Ensatina eschscholtzi Ore. Lehmann, 1954 Taricha granulosa Ore. Lehmann, 1954 For other host records see Harwood (1932), Byrd (1937a, 1937b), Cheng (1958), Najarian (1955), and Stafford (1900) as well as the European authors cited in the synonymy. Morphology: Redescribed and figured by Cheng (1958). Kemnitz (1913) showed it to have 20 chromosomes. Biology: The life cycle is largely luiknown for this genus. See Timon-David (1956, 1957). Cort (1915a) found a worm parasitized with the larvae of a Gordius worm. Brachylecithum chivosca (Pratt and Cutress, 1949) Skrjabin & Evranova, 1952 SynonjTns : Olssoniella chivosca Pratt & Cutress, 1949 Lypersomum (Brachylecithum) chivosca (Pratt & Cutress, 1949) Jaiswal, 1957 Host: Hesperiophonia vespertina brooksi Ore. Pratt & Cutress, 1949 Not known outside of the Pacific Northwest. Morphology: Redescribed and figured by Skrjabin and Evranova (1952). Brachylecithum idahoensis Schell, 1957 Host: Falco sparverius Idaho Schell, 1957 There are no other records. Brachylecithum mosquense (Skrjabin and Issaitchikov, 1927) Synonyms : Oszvaldoia mosquense S. and I., 1927 Olssoniella mosquense (S. and I., 1927) Travassos, 1944 Lypersomum mosquense (S. and I., 1927) Skrjabin & Evranova, 1952 Hosts : Turdus migratorius Idaho Schell, 1957 Ixoreus naevis naevis Idaho Schell, 1957 Turdus migratorius Ore. *Coos County Additional host records by Yamaguti, 1958; Skrjabin and Evranova, 1952. Morphology: Described and figured by Skrjabin and Evranova, 1952. For life histories of other members of this genus see Denton (1945), Jolivet and Theodorides (1950) and Mattes (1955). Concinnum burleighi Schell, 1957 Host: Passerella iliaco Idaho Schell, 1957 There are no other records. For life histories of other members of this genus see Denton (1944), Patten (1952). Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of tlie parasite in the area. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 23 Lutztrema monenteron (Price and Mcintosh, 1935) Travassos, 1941 Sj'nonyms : Lypersoiniim monenteron Price & Mcintosh, 1935 Brachylecithum monenteron (Price & Mcintosh, 1935) Strom, 1940 Hosts : Turdus migratorius Idaho Schell, 1957 Ixoreus nacvis naevis Idaho Schell, 1957 Pipilo erythophthalmus Wash. Schell, 1957 oregonus Additional North American hosts in Yamaguti (1958). Also reported from Europe by Mettrick (1956). Morphology: Skrjabin and Evranova (1952) redescribed and figured this form. Denton and Byrd (1951) gave the flame cell formula and description. No life history is known for this genus. For life history studies on other species in this genus see Denton and Byrd (1951). Paradistomum passerculum Schell, 1957 Host : Passcrculus sandzcichctisis Idaho Schell, 1957 alaiidinis No other records. No life history is known for this genus. Platynosomum fastosum Kossack, 1910 Synonym: Dicrococliiim lanceolatum var. symmetriciim Bayless, 1918 (Yama- guti, 1958) Host: Neotoma fiiscipes Ore. *Benton County Additional hosts in Yamaguti (1958) and Perez Vigueras (1955). Morphology: Redescribed and figured in Skrjabin and Evranova (1952). Biology : In Puerto Rico the daughter sporocysts develop in the snail Subulina octona and leave the snail as sporocysts, then penetrate a lizard which is eaten by a cat (Maldonada, 1945). Family DIPLOSTOMIDAE Alaria arisaemoides Augustine and Uribe, 1927 Hosts: Canis familiaris Ore. Dikmans, 1945; Price, 1932b Felts domesticus Ore. Dikmans, 1945 Other hosts from North America in Yamaguti (1958). Morphology' : Redescribed and figured by Dubois (1938). Biology : Cercariae develop in Planorbula armigera and Proinenetus exactions and penetrate tadpoles and adults of Rana pipiens, Rana sylvatica, and Bufo americanus. Diplostomula develop in the lungs of foxes and migrate to the gut to mature — experimentally by Pearson (1956). * Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. 24 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Alaria marcinae (LaRue, 1917) Walton, 1950 Synonym: Agatnodistommn marcianae haRue, 1917 Hosts : Thamnophis sirtalis Wash. Sumwalt, 1926 Thamnophis ordinoides Wash. Sumwalt, 1926 In both cases these forms were larval in the snakes. Also reported from Rana pipiens by LaRue, 1917. Alaria mustelae Bosma, 1931 Hosts : Mustela vison Ore. Senger & Neiland, 1955 Mustela frenata Ore. Senger & Neiland, 1955 Additional hosts listed by Dubois (1938). Morphology: Bosma (1934) described the adult and larval stages in detail; these are also described and figured by Dubois (1938). Biology : Cercariae develop in Planorhula armigera; metacercariae in tadpoles and frogs — confirmed experimentally by Bosma (1934). Alaria oregonensis LaRue and Barone, 1932 Host: Canis latrans testes Ore. LaRue & Barone, 1927, 1932 Morphology: Described and figured by Dubois (1938). Alaria sp. Cram (1926) reported an Ataria sp. from a coyote (Canis tatrans testes) from Oregon, and Shaw (1947) reported a larval Ataria sp. from the Eastern Brook Trout, Salvetinus fontinalis, from Oregon. Diplostomum sp. Shaw (1947) reported a Proalaria sp. from a pelican (Pcticanus sp.) Proataria is now considered to be a synonym of Diplostomum (Dubois, 1938). Diplostomulum sp. Dip tost omnium is a "generic" name for metacercaria of diplostomid trema- todes for which the adult form is unknown and which is unencysted in the inter- mediate host. Bangham and Adams (1945) reported the following fish hosts of Diplostomulum from fresh water of British Columbia : Prosopium wiltiamsoni Oncorhynchus kisutch P. cylindraceum quadrilaterale Salmo clarki Catostomus catostomus S. gairdneri kamloops C. macrocheilus Salvetinus fontinalis C. commersoni S. nialnia Mylocheilus caurinum Couesius ptumheus Ptychocheilus oregonensis Richardsonius halteatus Gasterosteus aculeatus Lota lota Micropterus salmoides Coitus asper Cottus rhotheus DIGENETIC TREMATODES 25 Neascus sp. N^casais is a "generic" name for metacercariae of diplostomid trematodes for which the adult form is unknown, is encysted, and lacks lateral suckers. Bangham and Adams (1954) reported the following species of fresh water fish as hosts of Neascus in British Columbia : Sahno clarkii Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus malma Catostomus catostomus Catostomus macrocheiltis Mylocheilus caiirintim Acrocheilus alutaceum Coiiesiiis pliimheus Rhinichtliys cataractae Ptychocheilus oregonensis Richardsonius balteatiis Micropteriis salmoides Lepomis gibbosiis Pharyngostomoides procyonis Harkema, 1942 Host : Procyon lotor Ore. *Location unknown The onl}' other records are those of Harkema (1942). Posthodiplostomum minimum (MacCallum, 1921) Dubois, 1936 Synonyms: Diplostonnim minimum MacCallum, 1921 Neodiplostomum minimum (MacCallum, 1921) Dubois, 1935 Neodiplostomum orchilongum Noble, 1936 Posthodiplostomum orcliilongum (Noble, 1936) Dubois, 1937 Hosts: Bangham and Adams (1954) reported the following fresh water fish from British Columbia as hosts for the larval stages of this trematode : Catostomus catostomus Catostomus macrocheilus Mylocheilus caurinum Acrocheilus alutaceum Couesius plumbeus Rhinichthys cataractae Ptychocheilus oregonensis Richardsonius balteatus Gasterostcus aculeatiis Lota lota Lepomis gibbosus Cottus aspcr Moi^e hosts from the Pacific Northwest with larval forms include : Catostomus columbianus palouscanus W^ash. Griffith, 1953 Catostomus macrocheilus Wash. Griffith, 1953 Lepomis macrochirus Wash. Griffith, 1953 Additional hosts have been listed by Dubois (1938), Hoffman (1958). Morphology: Described and figured by Dubois (1938). Biology: Miller (1954) showed oculate furcocercous cercariae to develop in Physa hetcrostropha, encyst experimentally in Lepomis gibbosus and L. megalotus, and develop in chicks. Hoffman (1958) has done additional work- on their life history and physiology. He listed an extensive bibliography. •■ Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the par.'isite in the area. 26 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Tetracotyle sp. Tetracotyle is a "generic" name for metacercariae of diplostomid trema- todes which are unencysted, bear a pair of lateral cotylae (suckers), and in which the adult form is unknown. Bangham and Adams (1954) listed the fol- lowing fresh water fish from British Columbia as hosts of Tetracotyle: Prosopium williamsoni Cafosto}nus catostomus Oncorhynchus nerka C. macroclieilus Salvelinus malma Mylocheilus caurinuin Cotiesius plumbeus Richardsonius balieatns Ptychocheilus oregonensis Gasterosteus aculeatus Eticalia inconstans Cottus asper Cottus rhotheus Cercaria sp. Hunter et al. (1949) reported a "strigeid" cercaria from Lymnaea pahistris from Washington. Family ECHINOSTOMATIDAE Aporchis continuus McCauley and Pratt, 1960 Host: Lartis caniis Ore. McCauley & Pratt, 1960 There are no other records. Ecbinoparyphium contiguum Barker and Bastron, 1915 Host: Ondatra zibethica B.C. Ivnight, 1951 Hosts from other areas have been reported by Swales (1933) and Olsen (1938). Morphology: Redescribed by Knight (1951) and described and figured in Skrjabin and Baschkirova (1956). Ecbinoparyphium recurvatum (Linstow, 1873) Dietz, 1909 Synonyms : Distomum recurvatum Linstow, 1873 Echinostomum recurvatum (Linstow, 1873) Stossich, 1892 Host : "Naturally infected snails" Ore. Senger, 1954 Additional hosts from other areas were listed by Yamaguti (1958). Morphology: This form was figured and described by Skrajabin and Basch- kirova (1956). The embrj-ology and development of the excretory system of the cercariae were described by Kuntz (1953). Biology : This parasite develops in various snails and the cercariae encyst in the same snail, another snail, or less frequently in some other animal. Gmitter (1955) reported it from Lymnaea pcrcgra in Czechoslovakia, Harper (1929) reported it from Valvata piscinalis, Mathias (1926, 1927) reported it from various species of Planorbis, Cyclas, and Lymnaea, and Bittner (1925) showed metacercariae to occur in Rana temporaria. This worm has been shown to cause the death of mute swans in Great Britain (Soulsby, 1955). DIGENETIC TREMATODES 27 Echinostomum coalitum Barker and Beaver, 1915 Host: Ondatra sihethica B.C. Knight, 1951 This form was also reported from Czechoslovakia by Bartik et al. (1956). Taxonomy: The description of this species appeared in Barker (1915). How- ever to give credit for unpublished material he included the names of both authors in his paper. Morphology: Skrjabin and Baschkirova (1956) figured and described this form. Biology: The life history has been worked out experimentally by Krull (1935a), though natural hosts apparently ai'e unknown for most of the larval stages. Echinostomum revolutum (Frolich, 1802) Loess, 1899 Synonyms : Fasciola revoluta Frolich, 1802 Distoma echinatum Zeder, 1803 Echinostoma echinatum (Zeder, 1803) Blainville, 1828 Distoma {Echinostoma) echinatum (Zeder, 1803) Dujardin, 1845 Distomiim dilatatum Aliram, 1840 Distomum annaium Molin, 1850 Echinostoma erraticum Lutz, 1924 Echinostoma ncglectum Lutz, 1924 This synonymy is after Skrjabin and Baschkirova (1956). Beaver (1937) proposed additional synonymies. Hosts: Ondatra zihethica Ore. Rider & Macy, 1947 Senger & Neiland, 1955 Anas platyrJiynchus Ore. *Benton County Olor buccinator B.C. Cowan, 1946 "Naturally infected snails" Ore. Senger, 1954 Additional hosts from other areas were listed by Yamaguti (1958). The species is cosmopolitan in both birds and mammals. Morphology: Beaver (1937) monographed this form and described and figured the life stages. Additional figures may be found in Skrjabin and Baschkirova (1956). Redescribed and figured by Perez Vigueras (1956). Biology: Beaver (1937) in his monograph gave a great deal of information about the life history and general biology. Yamaguti (1958) included a number of references to the biology of this species since Beaver's paper. The life history involves Cercaria cchinata which develops within a snail host, then encj^sts either in the same snail, a different snail, or even a clam or tadpole. The definitive host gets the parasite by eating the cysts. This is a parasite of man in some parts of the world and a potential human parasite wherever it occurs. Stephanoprora sp. Host: Shaw (1947) listed Stephanoprora sp. from a gull of Oregon. * Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. 28 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Cercaria cita Miller 1929 This echinostome cercaria was described by Miller (1929) from Planorbis sp. from Washington. It is of the magnacercous t3'pe. Family FASCIOLIDAE Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 Synonj^ms : Distoma hepaticum Linnaeus, 1758 Distomum hepaticum Retzius, 1786 Planaria latiuscula Goeze, 1782 Cladococlium hepaticum (Linnaeus, 1758) Stossich, 1892 Distoma caviae Sonsino, 1890 Hosts : Sheep Sheep Goat Wash. Ore. Wash. Sheep Pac. N.W. Cattle B.C. Cattle Ore. Dama hcmionus B.C. Sheep B.C. Sheep Idaho Stiles, 1902; Hall, 1912 Stiles, 1902; Hall, 1912 Hall, 1912 Guberlet, 1932a Swales, 1933 Shaw, 1944 Swales, 1933 Hadwen, 1916; Griffith, 1939; Bruce, 1930 Huffman & Dade, 1925 For additional information about this well Icnown worm the reader is referred to any of the standard parasitology' textbooks such as Belding (1952) or Chandler (1955). Reinhard (1957) recently reviewed the history of the discovery of the life cycle of the liver fluke. Skrjabin (1948) had a biblio- graphy with approximately 375 entries in it on the family Fasciolidae. Biology : Cercariae develop in redia in various snails, encyst on the vegetation or the surface of the water, and ultimately enter the definitive host. In Oregon the following species of snail have been associated with Fasciola hepatica: Lymnaea (==GaIba) bulminoides and Lymnaea (=GaIba) fer- ruginea (Shaw, Muth, and Seghetti, 1939), Lymnaea trunculata (OSC Agri. Expt. Sta. Director's Report, 1928). Probably in error since this form is not known in North America. The following papers deal with Fasciola hepatica in the Pacific North- west; many deal with treatment, pathologv, and control; OSC Agri. Expt. Sta. Dir. Rept. 1928; Simms, 1917, 1920; Shaw and Simms, 1927; Shaw, 1932, 1934, 1944; Shaw and Muth, 1942, 1946. Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) Ward, 1917 Synonyms : Fasciohi magmi Bassi, 1875 Fasciola carioca Hassall, 1891 Fasciola americana Hassall, 1891 Distomiiin texanuiii Francis, 1891 DIGENETIC TREMATODES 29 Hosts : Cattle Idaho Dikmans, 1945 B.C. Dikmans, 1945 Elk Ore. Shaw, 1947 Deer B.C. Shaw, 1947; Bruce, 1930 Buffalo B.C. Cowan, 1951 Mule deer B.C. Cowan, 1951 Coast deer B.C. Cowan, 1951 Moose B.C. Cowan, 1951 ; Bruce, 1930 Cattle B.C. Swales, 1933; Bruce, 1930 Dama licmionus B.C. Hadwen, 1916 Morgan and Hawkins (1949) discussed this form and gave additional hosts and distribution as well as the life history which is much like Fasciola hepatica. Skrjabin (1948) reviewed the morphology and figured the developmental stages but not the adult worm. Slusarski (1955) rejected the genus Fascioloidcs and thought that the name should be Fasciola magna. Life history studies on Fas- cioloides magna include those of Campbell and Todd (1954, 1955, 1956), Griffiths (1955), and Wu and Kingscote (1953, 1954). Family FELLODISTOMATIDAE Fellodistomum brevum Ching, 1960b Host : Microstomus pacifictis Wash. Ching, 1960b Fellodistomum furcigerum (Olsson, 1868) Yamaguti, 1953 Sj'nonj-m: Steringophorns furciger (Olss.) Odhner, 1905 Host: Plcuronichfhys dcciirrens Wash. Ching, 1960b Family GORGODERIDAE Phyllodistomum singulare Lynch, 1936 Host: Dicamptodon ensatus Ore. Lj-nch, 1936 Morphology : Redescribed and figured by Pigulevsky, 1953. Phyllodistomum staff ordi Pearse, 1924 Synonyms : P. carolini Holl, 1929 (Wu, 1938) P. hunteri (Arnold, 1934) Dawes, 1946 Catoptroides hunteri Arnold, 1934 Hosts : Ictaltirus nebulosus B.C. /. melus B.C. /. natalis Ore. /. nebuJosiis Ore. For hosts in areas away from the Pacific Northwest see Pearse (1924), Holl (1929), and Arnold (1934). * Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Bangham & Adams, 1954 *Benton County *Benton County so TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Morphology: Described and figured by Pigulevsky (1953). While the life history of neither of the two Northwest species has been worked out, a great deal of information about other members of the genus is known. Frandsen (1957), Pande (1937), and Kaw (1950) considered Gorgoderina to be a synonym of Phyllodistomum, and DoUfus (1958) suggested that these two genera be differentiated on the basis of host class : Gorgoderina from the amphibians and Phyllodistoviuni from fish. Phyllodistomum life history studies have been made by Beilfus (1954), Shibue (1954), Yamaguti (1958), Crawford (1939), and Goodchild (1943). The genus was reviewed by Ny- belin (1926), HoU (1929), Lewis (1935), Wu (1938), Fischthal (1942, 1943), and Meserve (1943). Other contributions to the biology of the genus concern the excretory anatomy by Byrd and Venard (1940), the ecology' by Groves (1945) and the embryology by Dhingra (1954). Family HEMIURIDAE AponuTus sp. Shaw (1947) reported Aponurus sp. from Salvclinus mahna and Sahno gairdneri from Oregon. Brachyphallus crenatus (Rudolphi, 1802) Odhner, 1905 Sj'nonyms : Fasciola crcnata Rudolphi, 1802 Distojna crcnatuni Rudolphi, 1809, nee Rudolphi, 1810, nee Molin, 1859 D. appendieulatmn Rudolphi, 1819, in part Distomum ventricosuni Wagener, 1860, in part D. oereatum Olsson, 1867 nee Rudolphi, 1819, nee Molin, 1861 Apohlema oereatum Juel, 1899 A. appendiculatum Monticelli, 1892, in part, and Miihling, 1898, nee Rudolphi, 1802 IFaseiola serratulata Mueller, 1780 IDistonia oereatum of Linton, 1900 ?Fasetola salmonis Mueller, 1780 Hemiurus oereatus (Rudolphi) of Liihe, 1901 The above synonymy is after Dawes (1946). Hosts : Salvclinus malma B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Oncorhynehus tshawytseha Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Oneorhynchus tshazvytscha Ore. Shaw, 1947 This trematode is known from the Scandinavian arctic (Odhner, 1905), Russian Arctic (Schulman and Schulman-Albova, 1953), England (Nicoll, 1915), Poland (Markowski, 1933), Japan (Yamaguti, 1934), Atlantic Coast of North America (Linton, 1940; Manter, 1926; Lander, 1904). Morphology: The morphology of this worm has been worked out in great detail by Lander (1904) and again by Lloyd (1938). Biology: The life histories of this species and other members of the genus are imknown. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 31 Derogenes crassus Manter, 1934 Hosts : Ophiodon elongatus Ore. McCauley, 1960 Sebastodes paucispinus Ore. McCauley, 1960 This parasite has been reported from Florida (Manter, 1934), Japan (Yamaguti, 1938) and Tasmania (Crowcroft, 1947). Morphology: This was described in detail only by Manter (1934). Nothing is known of the life history. Derogenes various (Mueller, 1784) Loess, 1901 Synonyms: Fasciola varica Mueller, 1784, of Rudolphi, 1802 Distoma varicum Zeder of Rudolphi, 1809 Distomum dendriticwm Creplin, 1829, in part Derogenes varicum (Mueller, 1784) of Olsson, 1868, and Levinsen, 1881, nee Monticelli, 1890 Hosts : Ophiodon elongatus Ophiodon elongatus Sebastodes maliger Sebastodes maliger Sebastodes caurinus Leptocottus armatus Clinocottus embryum Microgadus proximus Gasterosteus aculeatus Plaiichthys st el lotus Porichthys notatus I sop set ta isolepis This trematode probably has the largest host list of any trematode of fishes. It has been reported from Europe (Nicoll, 1915b; Tosh, 1905; Rees, 1953; Olsson, 1868; Looss, 1901; Issaitschikow, 1928, 1933; Dogeli and Rosova, 1941; Schulman and Schulman-Albova, 1953; Poljanskv, 1955); the East Coast of North America (Stafford, 1904; Miller, 1941; Manter, 1926, 1934; Heller, 1949; Linton, 1940). from the South Atlantic (Szidat, 1955), Japan (Yamaguti, 1953), New Zealand (Manter, 1954), and Galapagos (Manter, 1940). Taxonomy: Dawes (1946) placed several other species of Derogenes in synonymy with D. varicus but this was not generally accepted (Manter, 1954; Ya- maguti, 1953, 1958). Morphology : There are adequate morphological descriptions and figures by Odhner (1905), Manter (1926), and Lloyd (1938). Nothing is known of the life historJ^ Derogenes sp. Shaw (1947 described Derogenes sp. from Sahno gairdneri from Oregon. We have examined this form from the same host, from Sabna clarki, Oncor- hynchus kisutch, and O. tsliazvytscha and believe it to be an undescribed species. It will be described elsewhere. Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Wash. Ching, 1960b Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Wash. Ching, 1960b Wash. Ching, 1960b Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Wash. Ching, 1960b Ore. McCauley, 1960 Wash. Ching, 1960b Wash. Ching, 1960b Wash. Ching, 1960b Wash. Ching, 1960b 32 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Genolinea laticauda Manter, 1925 Synonym: Genolinea robusta Lloyd, 1938 (Manter, 1954) Hosts: Scorpaenichthys marmoratus B.C. McFarlane, 1936 5". marmoratus Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Ophiodon elongatus Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Leptocoitus armatus Ore. McCauley, 1960 Enophrys bison Ore. McCauley, 1960 Blepsias cirrhosis Ore. McCauley, 1960 The only other report of this form was from Maine (Manter, 1925). Genolinea manteri Lloyd, 1938 Hosts : Lcptocotlus armatus Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Lumpenus sagitta Ore. McCauley, 1960 Enophrys bison Ore. McCauley, 1960 Dasycottus setiger Wash. Ching, 1960b This parasite is unknown outside of the Pacific Northwest. Lloyd (1938) has adequately described the form. Nothing is known of its life history. Genolinea montereyensis Annereaux, 1947 Host: Leptocottus arntattis Ore. McCauley, 1960 The only other report of this trematode is that of Annereaux (1947) from California. Genolinea oncorhynchi Margolis and Adams, 1956 Host: Oncorhynchus gorbuscha B.C. Margolis & Adams, 1956 This is the only report of this trematode. Halipegus occidualis Stafford, 1905 Synonym: Halipegus lermensis Caballero, 1941 (Caballero, 1948) Hosts: Rana aurora Ore. Macv & Demott. 1957; Macy, Cook, & Demott, 1960 Tarica torosa Ore. Macy & Demott, 1957 ; Macy, Cook, & Demott, 1960 Dicamptodon cnsatus Ore. Macy & Demott, 1957; Macy, Cook, & Demott, 1960 This form has been reported from Eastern Canada b}^ Stafford (1904), Maryland by KruU (1935b), and Mexico by Caballero (1941). Morphology: This form has been described by Krull (1935b) and Mac}', Cook, and Demott (1960). Biology: Krull (1933b, 1935b), Macy and Demott (1957), and Macy, Cook, and Demott (1%0) worked out the life cycle experimentally. In Oregon (Macy and Demott, 1957; Macy, Cook, and Demott, 1960) found that cystophorus cercariae develop in Planorbis trivolvis subcrenatus and pene- trate the ostracod Cypridopsis vidua before reaching the definitive host. Krull (1935b) was able to get cercariae to penetrate several species of Cyclops and a dragon fly. DIGENETIC TREMATODES S3 HemiuTus levinseni Odhner, 1905 Synonyms : Distoma appcndindatiDn Rudolphi in Olsson, 1868, in part Distomum appcndiculatum Rudolphi in Levinsen, 1881, in part Hosts : Oncorhynchus tshaivytsclm O. gorbusclia Sebastodes rubcrrimus S. caurinus Ophiodon elongatus Microgadus proximus Theragra chalcogrmnnm Wash. Lloyd, 1938 B.C. Margolis, 1956 Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Ore. McCauley, 1960 Wash. Ching, 1960b This form has also been reported from Europe (Nicoll, 1915; Issaitschikow, 1928, 1933; Schulman and Schulman-Albova, 1953; Poljansk}', 1955); from the Far East (Layman, 1930); Arctic Atlantic (Dollfus, 1923; Odhner, 1905); Atlantic coast of North America (Cooper, 1915; Linton, 1940; Heller, 1949; Manter, 1925, 1926). Morphology: Manter (1926) and Odhner (1905) adequately described this form. Biology: Myers (1956) reported a mature hemiurid resembling H. levinseni in the intestine of Sag it t a elegans from New Brunswick. She suggested that Sagitta feeds on the same plankton as the small fish hosts which are also heavily infected. Intuscirrus aspicotti Acena, 1947 Host: Enophrys bison \\'ash. Acena, 1947 This form has been reported onlj' in this one paper and is unl-: Described and figured in Dawes (1946) and Morosov (1952). Morosov also included a long bibliography on this form. Biologj' : Metacercariae encyst on the skin of frogs and are there eaten by the definitive host, according to Joyeaux, Baer, and Carrere (1934). In the Pacific Northwest metacercariae have been found on the surface of Rana aurora and Rana aurora cascadae (Senger and Macy, 1952). Galactosomum humbargari Park, 1936 Hosts : Larus calif amicus L. heermanni L. glaucescens L. Philadelphia Mustela vison Calif. Park, 1936 Wash. Ching, 1960a Wash. Ching, 1960a Wash. Ching, 1960a Metagonimoides oregonensis Price, 1931 Hosts : Procyon lotor Ore. Ore. Burns & Pratt, 1952; Shaw, 1947; Price, 1931 Senger & Neiland, 1955 Additional hosts from Georgia were given by Sawyer (1958). Morpholog\': Redescribed by Morosov (1952). Biology: Cercariae develop in Oxytrema silicula in Oregon and either leave the snail and encyst in a frog or develop into metacercariae within the redia. In either case the worm reaches the definitive host bj^ this host eating the snail or frog. The metacercariae have been reported from Rana aurora (Burns and Pratt, 1952). Family LECITHODENDRIIDAE Acanthatrium oregonense Macy, 1939 Synonym: Prosthodendrium (acantliafriuiii) oregonense (Macy, 1939) Ya- maguti, 1958 Hosts : Myotis evotis Ore. Macy, 1939b M. calif amicus caurinus Ore. Macy, 1939b M. lucifugus Ore. Knight & Pratt. 1955 Not known from otlier areas. Taxonomy: Yamaguti (1958) stated that Skarbilovich (1948) placed this in the subgenus Acanthatrium of Prosthodendrium, but this is in error as Skarbilovich (1948) placed it in the subgenus Acanthatrium of the genus Acanthatrium. Cheng (1957a) gave a key to 14 species of the genus. Biolog}- : Virgulate xiphidiocercariae develop in Oxytrema silicula in Oregon, then enter caddis fly larvae where they move about unencysted. Tliey ap- parentlv reach the chiropteran host after the metamorphosis of the insect (Knight and Pratt, 1955). Morphology: See Macy (1939 )and Cheng (1959). 38 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST AUassogonoporus marginalis Oliver, 1938 Synonyms: A. vcspertilionis Macy, 1940 (Gilford, 1955) Myotitrema asymmetrica Macy, 1939 (Gilford, 1955) Hosts : Myotis lucifugus Ore. Knight & Pratt, 1955 M. calif ornicus caurinus Ore. Macy, 1940a Eptesicus fuscus Ore. Knight & Pratt, 1955 Hosts from locations outside of the Pacific Northwest include the muskrat (Oliver, 1938) and an additional bat (Macy, 1939b). Morphology : Additional description and figures contributed by Skarbilovich (1948). Biology: Virgulate xiphidiocercariae develop in sporocysts in Flumenicola virens in Oregon, then encyst in the larvae of caddis flies as metacercariae (Knight and Pratt, 1955). Cephalophallus obscurus Macy and Moore, 1954 Host: Mustela vison (experimentally) Macy & Moore, 1954 Biology : Virgulate xiphidiocercariae develop in sporocysts in Flumenicola virens then encyst in crayfish (Macy and Moore, 1954). Not known outside of the Pacific Northwest. Cephalouterina dicamptodonti Sanger and Macy, 1953 Hosts : Dicamptodon ensatiis Ore. Senger & Macy, 1953 Dicamptodon ensatus Ore. Lehmann, 1954 Not known outside of the Pacific Northwest. Limatulum gastroides Macy, 1935 Host: Myotis californicus caurinus Ore. Macy, 1947 Macyella postnoporus Neiland, 1951 Host: Ixorciis naevis Wash. Neiland, 1951 Not known outside of the Pacific Northwest. Family LEPOCREADIIDAE Opechona alaskensis Ward and Fillingham, 1934 Host: Sehastodes rubcrrimus Wash. Ching, 1960b Opechona occidentalis Montgomery, 1957 Sj'nonym: Pharyngora bacillaris (Molin, 1859) of McFarlane, 1936 Hosts: Sebastodes sp. B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Sebasfodes maliger Wash. Ching, 1960b Another report of this form was made by Montgomerj' (1957) from California. It was described by McFarlane but more completely described by Montgomery. The life cycle is unknown, but Lebour (1916) found late cercarial stages of what appeared to be O. bacillaris in a number of coelenterates. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 39 Opechona parvasoma Ching, 1960 Host: Sebastodes melanops Wash. Ching, 1960b Lepidapedon pugetensis Acena, 1947 Host: Sebastodes nebulosiis Wash. Acena, 1947 Other records are unknown. Lebour (1908) found larval stages of L. rachion in Cardium edule but other knowledge of life histories in the genus is wanting. Hanson (1950) questioned the validity of the species. It was poorly described, and the types were not available. Lepidapedon calli Acena, 1947 Host : Parophrys vetulus Wash. Acena, 1947 Other records are unknown. Hanson (1950) stated that this cannot be a species of Lepidapedon, but she offered no suggestions as to the proper disposi- tion of the species. See note on life history under L. pugetensis. Lepidapedon microcotyleum (Odhner, mss.) Dollfus, 1953 Host: Theragra chalcogramma Wash. Ching, 1960b Family LISSORCHIDAE Triganodistomum attenuatum Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932 Hosts: Catostomus catostomus B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Catostomus macrocheihis B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 Additional record from New York (Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932). Wal- lace (1939, 1941) found T. mutabile to have tailless cercariae; it develops in species of Helisoma and encysts in Chaetogaster or Planaria, but nothing is known of the life history of T. attemiatum. LissoTchis sp. Shaw (1947) reported Lissorchis from an unnamed host from Oregon. Family MICROPHALLIDAE Gymnophallus deliciosus (Olsson, 1893) Odhner, 1900 Synonym : Distoma dcUciosum Olsson, 1893 Host: Larus occidentalis Ore. Reish, 1950 Hosts from Europe have been reported by Olsson (1893) and Timon-David (1955). Taxonomy : The genus Gymnophallus was placed in Gymnophallidae by Morosov (1955) and in the Fellodistomatidae by Cable (1953). It probably does not belong in the Microphallidae, but its placement is still undecided. Morphology: It is described and figured by both Dawes (1946) and Morosov (1955). The life history of this species has not been worked out, but other species of the genus are known. See Giard (1907), Jameson (1902), Hutton (1952), and Zelikman (1953). For additional bibliography see Yamaguti (1958). 40 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Gymnophallus obscurus Ching, 1960 Host: Hacmatopiis bachmani Wash. Ching, 1960a Levinseniella propinqua Jagerskiold, 1907 Host: Hacmatopus bachmani Wash. Ching, 1960a Microphallus primas (Jagerskiold, 1909) Stunkard, 1951 Synonyms : Spelophallus primas Jagerskiold, 1909 Microphallus primas (Jagerskiold, 1909) Stunkard, 1951 Spelotrcma primas (Jagerskiold, 1909) Belopol'skaya, 1952 Microphallus primas (Jagerskiold, 1909) Ching, 1960a Host: Haematopus bachmani Wash. Ching, 1960a Plenosoma minimum Ching, 1960 Host: Haematopus bacJimani Wash. Ching, 1960a Family MONORCHIDAE Telolecithus pugetensis Lloyd and Guberlet, 1932 Hosts : Cymatogaster aggregata B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Cymatogaster aggregata Wash. Lloyd & Guberlet, 1932 Tacniotoca lateralis Ore. *Lincoln Co. This trematode is unknown outside of the Pacific Northwest. Biology : The life historj' is unknown. Tliere is often great variation in tlie inci- dence of this parasite. In the summers of 1931 and 1932 Lloyd and Guberlet found nearly all the Cymatogaster aggregata examined to be infected with the parasite, but in the summer of 1934 several hundred fish failed to harbor a single worm (Lloyd, 1938). Family NANOPHYETIDAE Nanophyetus salmincola (Chapin, 1926) Chapin, 1927 Synonyms : Nanophyes sahnincola Chapin, 1926 Troglotrcma salmincola (Chapin, 1926) Witenberg, 1932 Distomiilum oregonensis Ward & Mueller, 1926 Hosts : Canis fainiliaris Ore. Donham, 1925a, 1925b (Also in many veterinary reports and other papers from Ore- gon.) Can is fainiliaris Wash. Simms, Donham, & Shaw, 1931 Canis fainiliaris Idaho Philip, 1955 Canis latrans testis Wash. Cram, 1926 Canis latrans testis Ore. Donham & Simms, 1927 * Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 41 Procyon lotor Wash. Cram, 1926 Lynx rufus fasciatus Wash. Cram, 1926 Mustela vison Ore. Senger and Neiland, 1955 Canis vulpcs Ore. Donham, Simms, 1926 & Miller, Fclis domcsticus Experimentally Simms, Donham, Shaw, & McCapes, 1931 Procyon lotor Experimentally Simms, Donham, Shaw, & McCapes, 1931 Vulpa fulve Experimentally Simms, Donham, Shaw, & McCapes, 1931 Vulpco fulva Experimentally Simms, Donham, Shaw, & McCapes, 1931 Ursus ai)icricanus Experimentally Simms, Donham, Shaw, & McCapes, 1931 Guinea pigs Experimentally Simms, Donliam, Shaw, & McCapes, 1931 White rats Experimentalh' Simms, Donham, Shaw, & McCapes, 1931 Hamster Experimentally Bennington & Pratt, 1960 Sahiio clarkii Ore. Simms, Donham, McCapes, 1931 Shaw, & Salnio gairdnerii Ore. Simms, Donham, McCapes, 1931 Shaw, & Salvelinus fonfinalis Ore. Simms, Donham, McCapes, 1931 Shaw, & Oncorhynchus kisufch Ore. Simms, Donham, McCapes, 1931 Shaw, & OncorJiynchns tshazvytscha Ore. Simms, Donham, McCapes, 1931 Shaw, & Oncorhynchus kcta Ore. Simms, Donham, McCapes, 1931 Shaw, & Oxytroiia silicida Ore. Sinitsin, 1930 Oxytroim silicula Wash. *(This distribution has been implied in many ] papers but never so stated.) This parasite is limited to the area of Western Oregon, Southwestern Washington, and Northwestern California. Chapin (1926) reported rumors of this parasite from British Columbia, but they are doubtful. Taxonomy: Nanophyctus schikhobaloivi Skrjabin and Podiaposkaia, 1931, a parasite of man, was considered a synoni'm of A'', salmincola by Witenberg (1932) ; however, Philip (1955) thought that since this form is not known from man in the Pacific Northwest, it must not be a s^^nonym. Morphology : The adult and the larval stages have been adequately described and figured by Bennington and Pratt (1960). Other figures can be found in Skrjabin (1958) for the adult and in Philip (1955) for the cercaria. The life stages were not figured by Sinitsin (1930) when he worked on the life cj-cle. 42 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Biology : The worm is a parasite of various carnivores as listed above and pro- duces a few eggs which hatch into miracidia in about 70 days. These develop rediae in Oxytrenia silicula and form microcercous stylet cercariae. These cercariae find salmonid fish, encyst in the tissues of the fish, and are ulti- mately eaten by a carnivore where they develop into adults. The fluke is the vector of Neorickettsia hehiiinthoeca Philip, Hadlow, and Hughes, 1953, and it is the causative agent for salmon poisoning of dogs. The work on this parasite and especiall}" on the salmon poisoning aspects of it has been reviewed by Simms, Donham, and Shaw (1931), Simms, Donham, Shaw, and McCapes (1931), and more recently by Philip (1955). The reader is referred to the above-mentioned papers for references dealing with the sal- mon poisoning aspects of this parasite. Bennington and Pratt (1960) re- worked the life history of the worm and figured many of the larval stages for the first time. Their references included most of the work pertaining to the biology of this worm. Xipbidiotrema lockeri Senger, 1953 Hosts: Sorex hendirii palmeri Ore. Senger, 1953 Sorex palustris navigator Ore. Senger, 1953 This parasite has not been reported elsewhere. Taxonomy: Yamaguti (1958) placed this species in the subfamily Nephrotrem- atinae of the family Troglotrematidae, but Senger (1953) thought that it should be in the subfamily Nanophyetinae of the family Troglotrematidae. Skrjabin (1958) accepted Nanophyetidae Dollfus, 1939, as a family, but was apparently not aware of Xiphidiotretna. Yamuguti (1958) also accepted this family, but transferred Xiphidiotrema to Troglotrematidae without giving any reasons. Family NOTOCOTYLIDAE Notocotylus imbricatus (Looss, 1893) U. Szidat, 1935 Synonyms : Ccrcaria hnbricata Looss, 1893 Notocotylus gibbus of Stunkard & Dunihue, 1931 Host : Domestic duck Ore. Dikmans, 1945 Additional hosts include several genera of waterfowl. Taxonomy: Morgan and Hawkins (1949) considered A'^. seineti Fuhrmann, 1919, N. urbanensis Harrah, 1922, and A^. intcstinalis Tubangui, 1932, to be sjTio- nyms of A^. imbricatus. Morphology: This form was described and figured b}' Skrjabin (1953). Biology: The life cycle has been worked out experimentally by U. Szidat (1933, 1935) and she showed that Ccrcaria imbricata encysts on vegetation, is eaten by ducks, and develops in them to the adult. In Oregon we found this ccr- caria developed in Oxytrenia silicula and experimentally to maturity in the domestic duck. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 43 Notocotylus urbanensis (Cort, 1914) Harrah, 1922 Synonyms : Ccrcaria urbanensis Cort, 1914 Monostomum sp. Stiles & Hassell, 1894 Hosts : Ondatra zibethica B.C. Knight, 1951 Ondatra zibethica Ore. Rider & Macy, 1947 For additional hosts see Harrah (1922). Morphology: This form has been redescribed by Skrjabin (1953). Biology : Cercariae develop in various species of Physa and Lymnaea, emerge, encyst on vegetation, and develop in the definitive host — (Cort, 1914; Cort, McMullen, and Brackett, 1937; Cort, Oliver, and McMullen, 1941). Herber (1950, 1955) did a careful review of the life history work and showed cer- tain discrepancies in the conclusions of the earlier workers. Notocotylus sp. An unidentified species of Notocotylus has been reported from Oregon from Ondatra zibethica by Senger and Neiland (1955). Ogmogaster plicatus (Creplin, 1829) Jagerskiold, 1891 Synonyms : Monostomum plicatum Creplin, 1829 Ogmogaster antarcticus Johnston, 1931 Hosts : Balaenoptera borealis B.C. Margolis & Pike, 1955 Balaenoptera physaUs B.C. Alargolis & Pike, 1955 Additional hosts were reviewed by Margolis and Pike, 1955. Taxonomy: Margolis and Pike (1955), Dawes (1946), and Price (1932a) agreed that O. antarcticus is a synonym of O. plicatus even though both Skrjabin (1953) and Yamaguti (1958) included O. antarcticus as a valid species. Morpholog>^ This form was figured and described by Skrjabin (1953). No life history is known for this genus. Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis (Barker and Laughlin, 1911) Harwood, 1939 Synonym : Notocotylus quinqueserialis Barker & Laughlin, 1911 Hosts : Ondatra zibethica Wash. Harrah, 1922 Ondatra zibethica Ore. Senger & Neiland, 1955 Ondatra zibethica B.C. Knight, 1951 Taxonomy : This form was confused with Notocotylus urbanensis by Harrah (1922) according to Herber (1955), and Yamaguti (1958). Synonymy was discussed by Smith (1954). Morphology: Skrjabin (1953) described and figured the worm. Biology : The cercariae of this form develop in Gyraulus parvus according to Herber (1939, 1942). 44 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Family OPECOELIDAE Opecoelina radifistuli (Acena, 1941) Manter, 1947 Synonym : Dideutosaccus radifistuli Acena, 1941 Host : Sebastodes elongatus Wash. Acena, 1941 Not known outside of the Pacific Northwest. Life histories in this genus are not known. Opecoelina theragrae Lloyd, 1938 Hosts : Theragrae fusensis Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Sebastodes maliger Wash. Ching, 1960b Not known outside of the Pacific Northwest. Life histories in this genus are not known. Pseudopcoelus vulgaris (Manter, 1934) Van Wicklen, 1946 Synonym : Cymbe phallus vulgaris Manter, 1934 Host : Lycodopsis pacifica Wash. Lloyd, 1938 Additional hosts from Florida were reported by Manter (1934). No life his- tory is known for this genus. Plagioporous siliculus Sinitsin, 1931 Hosts : Salnio clarkii Ore. Sinitsin, 1931a "Species of fresh water Ore. Sinitsin, 1931a fishes" Morphology: All life history stages have been outlined by Sinitsin (1931a). There are no other discussions of this worm. Biology: Sinitsin (1931a) stated that sporocysts produce cotylomicrocercous cercariae in the digestive gland of Oxytrema silicula and that the cercariae actively penetrate crayfish where they encyst. The crayfish are eaten by the definitive host. Metacercariae often are so mature that eggs can be seen in them. Sinitsin stated that cercariae stand on their tails waving to and fro (a condition which we have frequently observed), and that when a crayfish passes near them, the cercariae bend toward the crayfish (a response which we have been unable to confirm). We have been unable to complete the life cycle as outlined by Sinitsin. Sinitsin did not prove the life cycle experi- mentally. PlagiopoTUS virens Sinitsin, 1931 Hosts : Cotius sp. Ore. Sinitsin, 1931a "Fresh water fishes" Ore. Sinitsin, 1931a Morphology: Sinitsin described all the stages of the life cycle. Biology: Sinitsin (1931a) .stated that cotylomicrocercous cercariae develop in sporocysts in the liver of the stream snail Flumcnicola virens. The cercariae behave similarly to those of P. siliculus, but they encyst in the snail F. virens. Each snail is usually infected with only a few metacercariae. Sinitsin did not prove this cycle experimentally. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 45 Podocotyle atomon (Rudolphi, 1802) Odhner, 1905 Synonyms : Fasciola atomon Rudolphi, 1802 Distoma atomon Rudolphi, 1809 D. simplex Rudolphi, 1809 of Olsson, 1868 D. angulatiim Dujardin, 1845 AUocrcadium atomon (Rudolphi) of Odhner, 1901 Sinistropus simplex Stafford, 1904, in part Psilostomiim rcdactum Nicoll, 1906 Distomum vitcllosiim Linton of Johnston, 1907 ? Fasciola aeglefini Mueller, 1776, in part Podocotyle atomon var. dispar Nicoll, 1909 The above synonymy is after Dawes (1946). Hosts: Leptocottus armatus B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Syngnathus griseo-lineatus B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Epigeichthys atropurpurens B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Hexagrammos stcllcri B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Additional hosts have been reported from Europe (Dawes, 1946, 1947; Pal- ombi, 1934; Rees, 1945) and New England (Manter, 1926; Linton, 1940; Hun- ninen and Cable, 1943a). Morphology: Dawes (1946, 1947) presented a short description of the species; Odhner (1901, 1905), Linton (1940), and Manter (1926) have described the species adequately; and Hunninen and Cable (1943) added a few notes to the description and figured it well. Biology : Cotylomicrocercous cercariae are produced in sporocysts in Littorina rudis and penetrate and encyst in marine amphipods. Metacercariae are progenetic or may develop in the definitive host (Hunninen and Cable, 1943a). Shulman (1950) found a similar life history in the White Sea. Jones (1933) discussed fertilization and egg formation. Podocotyle abitionis McFarlane, 1936 Hosts : Sehastodes sp. B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Sehastodes maligcr Wash. Ching, 1960b Not known outside of the Pacific Northwest. Life history of this species tinknown. For life history of a related species see under P. atomon above. Podocotyle olssoni Odhner, 1905 Synonym : Distoma simplex Rudolphi, 1809 of Olsson, 1868 Host : Leptocottus armatus Ore. *Coos County Additional hosts have been reported from Sweden (Odhner, 1905), and New England (Manter, 1926; Linton, 1940). Morphology: Described by Odhner (1905) and Manter (1926). Life history unknown. For life history of a related species see P. atomon above. * Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. 46 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Podocotyle pacifica Park, 1937 Host : Gasterostcus aculeatus Wash. Ching, 1960b Podocotyle pedunculata Park, 1937 Host : Lcptocottiis armatus Wash. Ching, 1960b Podocotyle reHexa (Creplin 1825) Odhner 1905 Synonym : Disiomum reflexuni Creplin 1825 Hosts : Sygnathus griseo-Uneatxts B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Leptocottus armatus B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Leptocottus armatus Ore. *Coos County Additional hosts have been reported from Europe bv Nicoll (1915), Odhner (1905), Baylis and Jones (1933), and Dawes (1946). Morphology: This form is close to P. atomon and Dawes (1947) thought that it might be a synonym. It was briefly described by Odhner (1905) and by Dawes (1947). We know of no other description. The life history is un- known. For life history of a related form see P. atomon above. Podocotyle shawi Mcintosh, 1939 Synonyms: Allocreadium shawi (Mcintosh, 1939) Yamaguti, 1953 Cainocreadium shawi (Mcintosh, 1939) Yamaguti, 1958 Hosts : Oncorliynchus kisutch Ore. Mcintosh, 1939 Sahno gairdncrii Ore. Mcintosh, 1939 ; Shaw, 1947 Salmo clarkii Ore. Mcintosh, 1939; Shaw, 1947 Not known outside of the Pacific Northwest. Taxonomy: The position of this species is uncertain. Manter (1947) doubted that it belonged to Podocotyle and suggested perhaps Peracrcadium or Cainocreadium. Yamaguti (1953) accepted the former suggestion and placed it in the subgenus Peracrcadium of Allocreadium. Later Yamaguti (1958) transferred the species to Cainocreadium. Mcintosh (1939) stated that the cirrus was spiny, but did not show spines in his figure. Wc have examined many specimens and failed to observe spines. Manter (1947) cited the pres- ence of spines as a reason for removing the species from Podocotyle. We will retain it in Podocotyle pending results of work in progress. Morphologj': The only adequate description is by Mcintosh (1939). Nothing is known of the life history. Podocotyle sinusacca Ching, 1960 Host : Leptocottus armatus Wash. Ching, 1960b Podocotyle sp. Shaw (1947) reported Podocotyle sp. from .S'almo gairdncrii and .Sahno clarkii from Oregon. '' Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 47 Family ORCHIPEDIDAE Orchipedum tracheicola Braun, 1901 Host : Olor buccinator B.C. Cowan, 1946 For other hosts see Yamaguti (1958). Morphology: Described and figured by both Dawes (1946) and Skrjabin (1947a). No life history is known for this genus or family. Family PARAMPHISTOMATIDAE Megalodiscus americanus Chandler, 1923 Hosts : Taricha sp. Ore. Lelunann, 1956 Taricha granulosa Ore. Lehmann, 1954 Ambystoma gracile Ore. Lehmann, 1956 Additional hosts from California (Lehmann, 1960) and Southeastern United States (Chandler, 1923). Morphology: Described and figured by Skrjabin (1949). The life historj^ is not known, but the history of the closely related M. tonperatus is known and is discussed with that species below. Megalodiscus microphagus Ingles, 1936 Synonyms: Diplodiscus microphagus (Ingles, 1936) Walton, 1938 Diplodiscus microphagus (Ingles, 1936) Manter, 1938 Host: Dicamptodon ensatus Ore. McCauley & Pratt, 1959 Additional liosts from California (Ingles, 1936). Morphology: Described and figured by Skrjabin (1949). Megalodiscus temperatus (Stafford, 1905) Harwood, 1932 Synonyms : Diplodiscus temperatus Stafford, 1905 Megalodiscus ranophilus Millzner, 1924 Opisthodiscus americanus Roll, 1928 Cercaria inhabilis Cort, 1941 Host: Rana aurora Ore. *Benton County Additional hosts listed in Yamaguti (1958), Skrjabin (1949), and Lehmann (1960). Morphology: Described and figured in Skrjabin (1949). Biology: The life cycle as worked out by Krull and Price (1932) showed that frogs became infected from eating C3'sts when they devoured their own shed skin. The germ cell cycle was worked out by Van der Woude (1954). Polysaccharides in this worm were investigated by Singh (1958). Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. 48 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Ophioxenos dienteros Sumwalt, 1926 Hosts : Bufo boreas Wash. Sumwalt, 1926 Thamnophis sirtalis Wash. Sumwalt, 1926 Thamnophis ordinoides Wash. Sumwalt, 1926 Clcininys marmorata Ore. Thatcher, 1954 This parasite has not been reported outside of the Pacific Northwest. Morphology: Described and figured bj' Skrjabin (1949). Paramphistomum cervi (Schrank, 1790) Fischoeder, 1901 Synonyms: Fasciola cervi Schrank, 1790 Festucaria cervi Zeder, 1790 Fasciola elapJii Gmelin, 1791 Monostoma conicum Zeder, 1800 Amphistoma conicum Rudolphi, 1809 Aniphistoma cervi Stiles and Hassell, 1900 Cercaria pigmeniata Sonsino, 1892 S3'nonymy after Skrjabin (1949). Host: Cattle B.C. Swales, 1933 Other North American hosts were recorded by Cram (1925), Krull (1933a), Price (1928), and Price and Mcintosh (1944). Taxonomy: Morgan and Hawkins (1949) thought that the taxonomy of this genus needed revision. Dawes (1946) included a great manj' more species as synonyms of P. cervi. Morpholog>': This form was figured by Morgan and Hawkins (1949) and de- scribed and figured by Skrjabin (1949). Biology: Cercaria pigmentata Sonsino, 1892, develops in various species of Physa and BuUinus, encysts readily, and is ultimate!}^ eaten bv the definitive host. (Szidat, 1936; Looss, 1896; Takahashi, 1927;' Brumpt, 1936; Balozet and Callot, 1938; and Dinnik, 1951.) Paramphistomum sp. Several amphistomes have been reported from the Pacific Northwest which cannot be placed in a species with certainty. Bruce (1930) reported Amphisto- nium conicum from cattle of British Columbia, and one cannot be certain whether this was really P. cervi or P. microbothrium Fischoeder 1901, since A. conicum was not adequately defined. Dikmans (1945) reported Paramphistomum sp. from cattle from British Columbia and Oregon. Stichorchis subtriquetrus (Rudolphi, 1814) Liihe, 1909 Sj'nonyms : Amphistoma subtriquctriun Rudolphi, 1814 Distoma amphistomatoides Bojanus, 1817 A})iphisto))iu})i subtriquetrus Westrumb, 1823 Cladorchis (Stichorchis) subtriquetrus Fischoeder, 1901 DI GENETIC TREMATODES 49 Host : Castor canadensis Ore. Shaw, 1947 ; Senger & Neil- and, 1955 Morphology: Described and figured by Skrjabin (1949). Biology : Cercariae develop in Fossaria parva in Louisiana, encyst on lettuce, and develop experimentally in guinea pigs (Bennett and Humes, 1939). Zygocotyle lunatum (Diesing, 1836) Stunkard, 1916 Synonyms : Amphistoma lunatum Diesing, 1836 Zygocotyle ceratosa Stunkard, 1916 Chiorchis lunatits Travossos, 1921 Cercaria poconensis Wille}', 1930 Hosts : Olor buccinator B.C. Cowan, 1946 Anas platyrhynchus Ore. *Exact location unknown Additional hosts recorded in Yamaguti (1958). Biology : Willey ( 1930, 1941 ) showed that Cercaria poconensis Willey, 1930, de- velops in species of Heliso)iia and develops to maturity in many ducks and some mammals. The lymph vessels are probablj' remnants of the cercaria! excretory vesicle (Willey, 1954). Family PHILOPHTHALMIDAE Echinostephilla haematopi, Ching, 1960 Host : Haeniatopus bachmani Wash. Ching 1960a Biology: Ching, 1960a, attempted the life history of this species. Parorchis acanthus (Nicoll, 1906) Nicoll, 1907 Synonyms : Zciigorchis acanthus Nicoll, 1906 Parorchis avitus Linton, 1914 (Cable & Martin, 1935) Host : Lams occidentalis Ore. *Lincoln County Hosts from the Atlantic have been listed bv Nicoll (1906, 1907b) and Linton (1914). Morphology: Described and figured by Dawes (1946) and Skrjabin (1947b). Rees (1939, 1940) elaborated on the morphology, embryology, etc., but Brien (1954) was not in complete agreement with her. Perez Vigueras (1956) redescribed and figured this form. Biologi' : The life historj' has been worked out by Lebour (1914), Lebour and Elmhirst (1922), and Stunkard and Cable (1932). Oguri and Chu (1955) worked on the effect of diet on infections of P. acanthus. Asterisks denote new (previously unpublished) reports of the parasite in the area. 50 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Family PLAGIORCHIIDAE Alloglossidium cord (Lament, 1921) Synonj'ms : Plagiorchis corti Lamont, 1921 Plagiorchis ameiurensis McCoy, 1928 Alloglossidium kenti Simer, 1929 Synonym}' after Van Cleave and Mueller, 1934. Hosts : Ictalurus nehulosus B.C. Bangham & Adams, 1954 IctalurUrS nebulosus Idaho Fritts, 1959 Additional hosts from other areas listed by Van Cleave and Mueller (1934) and Harmes (1959). Morphology : The adult was figured and described by Van Cleave and Mueller (1934). Biology : Xiphidiocercariae develop in species of Helisoma and encyst in mayfly and dragonfly larvae (McMullen, 1935; Crawford, 1937). Haplometrana intestinalis Lucker, 1931 Synonym: Haplometrana iiiahcnsis Olsen, 1937 (Waitz, 1959) Hosts : Rana pretiosa Wash. Lucker, 1931 Rana pretiosa Idaho Waitz, 1959 Morphology: The reader is referred to the original description by Lucker (1931) and Olsen (1937) for morphological information. Biology : Lophocercous xiphidiocercariae develop in Physella titahensis; frogs serve as both intermediate and definitive hosts (Olsen, 1937). Lechriorchis plesientera Sumwait, 1926 Hosts : Thamnophis sir talis Wash. Sumwait, 1926 Thamnophis ordinoides Wash. Sumwait, 1926 No other records of this parasite are known. The taxonomic position of this form is not completely clear. Skrjabin and Antipin (1957) placed this para- site in the family Ochetosomatidae. They also described and figured the form. Neoglyphe locellus (Kossack, 1910) Yamaguti, 1958 Synonyms : Opisthioglyphe locellus Kossack, 1910 O. {Neoglyphe) locellus (Kossack, 1910) Shaldybin, 1954 Hosts : Lymnaea bulimoides Ore. Macy &Moore, 1958 Hamster Experimentallj- — Macy & Moore, 1958 Also reported from Russia by Kossack (1910). Taxonomy: Neoglyphe (Shaldybin, 1954) Yamaguti, 1958, was erected for those species of Opisthioglyphe found in mammals. Doll f us (1957) and Macy and Moore (1958) .still retained Opistohioglyphe and the final decision on the proper designation must come later. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 51 Morphology: Macy and Moore (1958) redescribed and figured the worm from material in Oregon. Biology: Xiphidiocercariae develop in Lymnaea bulminoides, encyst in the sporo- cyst or in various species of insect, and develop to maturity in the hamster (experimentally) (Macy and Moore, 1958). Adults have been found in shrews in both Montana and Alaska, but apparently not in the area included in this checklist. Plagiorchis proximus Barker, 1915 Host: Ondatra zibethica B.C. Knight, 1951 Reported only from Miistela vison from other areas by Barker (1915). Plagiorchis vespeitilionis parorchis Macy, 1960 Synonyms : Fasciola vcspcrtUionis MiJller, 1784 Distoma vcspcrtUionis of Zeder, 1803 D. lima Rudolphi, 1809 Lepoderma vcspertilionis of Looss, 1899 Plagiorchis vespertilionis (Miiller, 1784) Braun, 1900 Hosts : Myotis lucifugiis alascensis Wash. Macy, 1960 Mus musculus (experimental) Macy, 1956 Lymnaea stagnalis Wash. Macy, 1956 Ephemerid larvae (experimental) Trichopterous larvae (experimental) Dragon fly nj-mphs (experimental) Cidcx mosquito larvae (experimental) Biologj- : Xiphidiocercariae develop in Lymnaea stagnalis, encyst experimentally in four different sorts of immature insects, and develop experimentally in w^hite mice. Macy (1960) decided that this form was a subspecies of the widely distributed Plagiorchis vespertilionis instead of a separate species as he had indicated in an abstract (Macy, 1956). Telorchis corti Stunkard, 1915 Synonyms: Telorchis linstowi Goldberger, 1911, nee Stossich, 1890 Telorchis lobosus Stunkard, 1915 Telorchis insculpti MacCallum, 1918 Telorchis guttati MacCallum, 1918 Telorchis chelopi MacCalluin, 1918 Telorchis pallidus MacCallum, 1918 Telorchis angustus MacCalum, 1821, nee Stafford, 1900 Cercorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915) Perkins, 1928 Telorchis stenoura Ingles, 1930 Cercorchis texanus Harwood, 1932 Cercorchis mcditis McMulIen, 1934, ncc Stunkard, 1915 Above synonymy after Wharton, 1940. 52 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Host: Clemniys vmr)norata Ore. Thatcher, 1954 Additional hosts are Hsted by Wharton (1940). Morphology : See any of the authors of synonyms above for descriptions and figures. Biology : Xiphidiocercariae develop in Physella intcgra, encyst in tadpoles, and develop to maturity in Chrysonys picta. They do not mature in Thainnophis sp., but do live for several weeks (McMullen, 1934). Zeugorchis syntomentera Sumwalt, 1926 Synonyms: Pscudorcnifer syntomentera (Sumwalt, 1926) Allison & Holl, 1937 Paralcchriorchis syntomentera (Sumwalt, 1926) Bvrd and Denton, 1938 Hosts : ThamnopJiis sirtalis Wash. Sumwalt, 1926 ThainnopJis ordinoides Wash. Sumwalt, 1926 No other hosts are known. Taxonomy : This species was transferred to Pseiidorenifer by Allison and Holl (1937) and then to Paralechriorchis by Byrd and Denton (1938). Yamaguti (1958) rejected both these proposals and retained Zeugorchis. Skrjabin and Antipin (1957) accepted the genus Paralechriorchis. Morphology : Adult and larval stages were described and figured by Ingles (1933) and Skrjabin and Antipin (1957). Biology : Xiphidiocercariae develop in Physa gyrina, enter tadpoles of Rana aurora or Hyla regilla, which are in turn eaten by snakes (Ingles, 1933). Family PSILOSTOMIDAE Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1913 Synonym : Distoma globulus Rudolphi, 1819 Host: Birds Ore. Dikmans, 1945 Hosts from other areas in Yamaguti (1958). Morphology: Described and figured by Skrjabin (1947c) and Dawes (1946). Biology: Szidat (1937) showed that cercariae develop in Bythinia tentaculata, encyst on the inside of the shell of this snail, and develop to maturitj- in Anas bosclias. Price (1934) showed that this parasite caused a fatal ulcera- tion of the intestine in Marila affinis. Pseudopsilostoma ondatrae (Price, 1931) Yamaguti, 1958 Synonyms : Psilostomum ondatrae Price, 1931 Ribeiroia ondatrae (Price, 1931) Price, 1942 Host: Larus calif ornicus Ore. Price, 1931c This form has also been reported from tlie muskrat in other parts of North America by Price (1931c). DIGENETIC TREMATODES 53 Taxonomy: Skrjabin (1947c) retained this form in the genus Psilostomum, but Yamaguti (1958) erected the new genus Pseudopsilostoma to include this form. Psilostomum ondatrae Price, 1931 of Beaver (1939) was considered to belong to Riheiroia bj' Yamaguti (1958). If Yamaguti is correct, the life cycle as worked out by Beaver (1939) does not apply. The taxonomy of these forms needs clarification. Biology: Kuntz (1951) discussed the embryology of the excretory system. Family SCHISTOSOMATIDAE Trichobilharzia adamsi Edwards and Jansch, 1955 Host: Physa conformis B.C. Edwards & Jansch, 1955 Only record. One immature female was recovered from a duckling. Edwards and Jansch (1955) described and figured all the known stages. This form can cause cercarial dermatitis in man. Trichobilharzia elvae (Miller, 1923) Synonym : Cercaria elvae Miller, 1923 Hosts : Lymnaea stagnalis Wash. Macy & Moore, 1953 L. stagnalis jugulus Wash. Schell, 1959 Lymnaea palustris miitalliana Wash. Hunter et al., 1949; Schell, 1959 Lymnaea palustris nuftalliana Idaho Schell, 1959 Ducklings Experimentally Macy, Moore, & Price, 1955 This form has also been reported from Michigan by Miller (1923). Taxonomy: Macy and Moore (1953) beUeved this to be a vaUd species, but McMullen and Beaver (1945) believed it to be a synonj'm of the European species T. occUata. The morphology was discussed bv McMullen and Beaver (1945). Biologj' : Furcocercous cercariae develop in the snail hosts and develop to maturity in birds. When the cercariae penetrate the skin of man they produce cercarial dermatitis (Macy, Moore, and Pi-ice, 1955). Trichobilharzia oregonensis (MacFarlane and Macy, 1946) Macy and Moore, 1953 S}-non3'm : Cercaria oregonensis McFarlane & Macy, 1946 Hosts : Physa ampullacea Ore. McFarlane & Macy, 1946 Ducks Experimentally Macy, Moore, & Priced 1955 Geese Experimental!}' Macy, Moore, & Price, 1955 This form is known only in the Pacific Northwest. Morphology: Well described and figured by Macy, Moore, and Price (1955). 54 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Biology : Furcocercous cercariae develop in Physa ampullacea and penetrate the definitive host. The cercariae produce cercarial dermatitis in man (Macy, Moore, and Price, 1955). Trichobilharzia physellae (Talbot, 1936) McMullen and Beaver, 1945 Synonyms : Cercaria physellae Talbot, 1936 Pseudohilharzia quequeduale McLeod, 1937 Hosts : Physa ampullacea Ore. Macy & Moore, 1953 Physa gyrina Idaho Schell, 1959 Additional hosts have been reported from Manitoba (McLeod, 1937; AlcLeod and Little, 1942) and Michigan (McMullen and Beaver, 1945). Biology : The life history has been experimentally w^orked out by McLeod and Little (1942) and McMullen and Beaver (1945). Furcocercous cercariae develop in species of Physa and mature in various birds. When the cercariae penetrate man they cause cercarial dermatitis. Gigantobilharzia huronsis Najim, 1950 Host: Physa gyrina Idaho Schell, 1959 Additional hosts were reported by Najim (1950). Woodhead (1955) described the miracidium. Biology: Najim (1950) reported that the cercariae from snails produced adults in chicks and canaries. His description was in abstract only. Schistosomatium douthitti (Cort, 1915) Price, 1931 SjTionym: Cercaria douthitti Cort, 1915 Host: Lymnaea palustris nuttalliana Idaho Schell, 1959 Additional hosts have been reported from Illinois (Cort, 1914, 1915b), Michigan (Cort, 1918, 1936; Price. 1931a), Wisconsin (Brackett, 1940), Minne- sota (Penner, 1938). Biology: The life history was worked out by Price (1931a) and involved furcocercous cercariae developing in the snail hosts and becoming adults in several mammals. Kagan, Short, and Nez (1954) discussed the laboratory propagation of the trematode and had an extensive bibliography. The cercariae cause dermatitis in man. Cercaria columbiensis Edwards and Jansch, 1955 Host: Physa conformis B.C. Edwards & Jansch, 1955 This form has not been found since and nothing is known of the biology, except that it causes dermatitis. Cercaria tuckerensis Miller, 1927 Host: Planorhis sp. Wash. H. M. Miller, 1927 This dermatitis-producing cercaria has not been reported since. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 55 Cercaria robinsonensis Schell, 1959 Host: Physa gyrina Idalio Schell, 1959 This cercaria has not been reported elsewhere. It causes cercarial dermatitis (Schell, 1959). Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz, 1852) Weinland, 1858 Lloyd (1913) reported a case of Bilharzia haematohia in Seattle, Wash- ington, from a man who had come from Africa. This trematode cannot be considered a part of the natural trematode fauna of the Pacific Northwest. Family SPIRORCHIDAE Spirorchis artericola (Ward, 1921) Stunkard, 1925 Host: Clemmys marmorata Ore. Thatcher, 1954 Morphologj-: Skrjabin (1951) described and figured the worm. The germ cell cjxle was worked out by Cort, Ameel, and Van Der Woude (1954). Biology: Cercariae develop in sporocysts in Helisoma trivolvis then penetrate the turtle (Pieper, 1953). Other life history studies have been made bv Ward (1921) and Stunkard (1923). Family STEGODERMATIDAE Deretrema cholaeum McFarlane, 1936 Host: Sebastodes sp. B.C. McFarlane, 1936 Unknown outside of the Pacific Northwest. Morphology: Also figured and described by Skrjabin (1957). Family SYNCOELIIDAE Syncoelium katuwo Yamaguti, 1938 Synoni-m: Syncoelium filifcrum (Sars) of Lloyd & Guberlet, 1936 (Manter 1954) Hosts: Oncorhynchus ncrka Wash. Lloyd & Guberlet, 1936 O. gorhuscha Wash. Lloyd & Guberlet, 1936 Additional host reported from Japan by Yamaguti (1938). Morphology: Adequate descriptions are available (Yamaguti, 1938; Lloyd and Guberlet, 1936). Biology: The life cycle is unknown. Sars (1885) described 5". filiferum from euphausids, and these are possible intermediate hosts. 56 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Family ZOOGONIDAE Zoogonoides viviparus (Olsson, 1868) Odhner, 1902 Synonyms : Distoma viviparum Olsson, 1868 Zoogonus viviparus (Olsson) of Looss, 1901 Zoogonoides subaequiporus Odhner, 1911 Host: Microstonms pacificus Wash. Ching, 1960b Biology: The morphology and life cycle of Z. laevis was described by Stunkard (1943). Dawes (1946) thought that Z. laevis might be a synonym of Z. viviparus. Steganoderma formosum Stafford, 1904 Host: Parophrys vetulus Wash. Ching, 1960b Digenetic trematodes of uncertain status Monostone cercariae Lehmann (1956) reported monostone cercariae encysted upon the rectal mesen- tery of a single Amhystoma gracile from Oregon. Cercaria burti Miller, 1923 H. M. Miller (1925b, 1927) reported this form from Lynmaea stagnalis from Washington. He also reported it from Michigan (1923, 1926). It is a furcocer- cous form. Cercaria sanjuanensis Miller, 1927 H. M. Miller (1927) described Cercaria sanjuanensis from Lymnaca stagnalis from Washington. It is a pharyngeal longifurcate form. Cercaria hirsuta Miller, 1927 H. M. Miller (1927) described Cercaria hirsuta, a furcocercous form, from Planorbis sp. from Washington. Cercaria granula Miller, 1927 H. M. Miller (1927) described Cercaria granula, a furcocercous form, from Planorbis sp. from Washington. Cercaria absurda Miller, 1927 H. M. Miller (1927) described Cercaria absurda, a furcocercous cercaria, from Planorbis sp. from Washington. Cercaria bulbocauda Miller, 1927 This furcocercous cercaria was described from Planorbis sp. from Washington by H. M. Miller (1927). Cercaria searlesiae Miller, 1925 This cotylocercous cercaria was described from Searlcsia dira from Washington by Miller (1925a). Cercaria foliata Miller, 1925 An opthalmocercaria described by Miller (1925a) from Ptcrorytis {^Purpura) foliata from Washington. DIGENETIC TREMATODES 57 Cercaria purpuracaudata Miller, 1925 A binoculate magnacercous monostome was described by Miller (1925a) from Bittium eshrichti from Washington. Cystophorous cercaria "A" of Miller, 1925 This cystophorous cercaria was described by Miller (1925a) from Thais emar- ginata from Washington. Cystophorous cercaria "B" of Miller, 1925 This cystophorous cercaria was described by Miller (1925a) from Thais la- mellosa from Washington. Flukes Shaw, Simms, and Muth (1934) reported "two kinds of flukes" from the Klamath Lake Sucker (Deltistes sp. or Chasmistes sp.) from Oregon. Host List INVERTEBRATE HOSTS Phylum CTENOPHORA Family BOLINOPSIDAE Bolinopsis micro ptera (Agazziz) Lecithochirium sp. Phyltim ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA Subclass OSTRACODA Family CYPRIDAE Cypridopsis vidua (Miiller) Halipegus occidualis Subclass COPEPODA Family CALIGIDAE Caligus sp. (on Raja binoculata) Udonella caligorum Lepeophtheirus sp. (on Ophiodon elongatus) Udonella opiodontis Subclass MALACOSTRACA Pacifastacus sp. Crayfish Crcpidostomum cooperi Ccphalo phallus ohscurus Plagioporus siliculus Class INSECTA Order DIPTERA Mosquito larvae Order EPHEMERIDA Mayflies Order TRICHOPTERA Caddis flies Plagiorchis parorchis Crcpidostomum cooperi Acanthatrium oregonense Allassogonoporus marginalis Parorchis acanthus 59 60 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order PULMONATA Family LYMNAEIDAE Galba hulminoides — synonym of Lytnnaca biilminoides hulminoides Galha ferruginea — synonym of Lyninaca ferniginea Lymnaca huhninoides hulminoides Lea Synonym : Galba buliminoidcs Fasciola hcpatica Ncoglyphe locellus Lymnaea ferniginea Haldeman Synonym : Galba ferruginea Fasciola hepatica Lymnaea pahistris nuttalliana Lea Synonym : Stagnicola paltistris nuttalliana Trichobilharsia elvae Schistosomatium douthitli Lymnaca stagnalis (Linnaeus) Plagiorchis parorchis Trichobilharzia elvae Cercaria burti Cercaria sanjuanensis Lymnaea stagnalis jugulus Say Trichahilharzia elvae Lymnaca trunculata (?) Fasciola hepatica Stagnicola palustris nuttalliana — synonym of Lymnaca pahistris nuttalliana Family PHYSIDAE Physa ampullacea Gould Physa conformis Tryon Physa gyrina Say Trichobilharzia physellac Trichobilharzia oregoncnsis Trichobilharzia adamsi Cercaria columbiensis Trichobilharzia physellac Cercaria robinsonensis Gigantobilharzia huroncnsis HOST LIST 61 Family PLANORBIDAE Helisoma subcrcatiim (?) (error oi H. subcrenatus ?) Synonym of Planorbis trivolvis subcrenatus Planorbis sp. Cercaria hirsuta Cercaria granula Cercaria absurda Cercaria bulbocaudata Cercaria cita Cercaria tuckcrensis Planorbis trivolvis subcrenatus Carpenter Halipegus occidualis Order PROSOBRANCHIATA Family BULIMIDAE Flumenicola virens (Lea) Allassogonoporus marginalis CephalophaUus obscurus Plagioporus virens Sanguinicola klamathensis Family CERITHIIDAE Bittium eschrichti Middendorf Cercaria purpuracaudata Family MURICIDAE Pterorytis foliata Gmelin Synonym : Purpura foliata Cercaria foliata Purpura foliata — synonym of Pterorytis foliata Thais emarginata (Deshayes) Cystophorous cercaria A Thais lamellosa (Gmelin) Cystophorous cercaria B Family NEPTUNEIDAE Searlesia dira (Reeve) Cercaria searlesiae Family PLEUROCERIDAE Goniobasis plicifera silicula — synonym of Oxytrema silicula Goniobasis silicida — synonjin of Oxytrema silicula Oxytre^na silicula (Gould) 62 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Synonyms : Goniobasis plicifera silicula Goniohasis silicula Acanihatrittin oregonense Nanophyctus salmincola Notocotylus imbricatus Plagioporus silicuhis FISH HOSTS Phylum CHORDATA Class PISCES Family BATRACHOIDIDAE Porichthys notatus (Girard) Midshipman Lecithaster salmonis Derogencs varicus Family BOTHIDAE Citharichthys sordidus (Girard) Mottled Sand-dab Tubidovesicula lindbergi Citharichthys stigmaeus Jordan and Gilbert Speckled Sand-dab Tubulovesicula lindbergi Family CATOSTOMATIDAE Catostomtis catostomus (Forster) Fine-scaled Sucker Allocreadium lobatum Diplostomuhim sp. Neasciis sp. OctomacriDii lanceatmn Plagiocirrus sp. Postodiplostonniiit >ii in iui lun Tetracotylc sp. Triganodistomiun attcnuatuin Catostomus columbianus paloiiseanus (Schultz and Thompson) Palouse Fine-scaled Sucker Gyrodactylus sp. Postodiplostomum minimum Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede) White Sucker Diplostomulwn sp. Catostomus macrocheilus Girard Coarse-scaled Sucker Allocreadiidae Diplostomulu})i sp. Neascus sp. Octomacnim lanceatum HOST LIST 63 Plagiocirrus primus Plagiocirrus testeus Postodiplostomum minimum Tetracotyle sp. Triganodisto>num attcnuatum "Klamath Lake Suckers" (probably Deltistes sp. or Chasmistes sp.) "Flukes" Family CENTRARCHIDAE Lepomis gibbosiis (Linnaeus) Pumpkin-seed Postodiplostommn minimum Neascus sp. Lepomis macrochtrus Rafinesque Bluegill Postodiplostomum minimum Microptcrus salmonides (Lacepede) Large-mouth Black-bass Diplostoniulum sp. Neascus sp. Family CHIMAERIDAE Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett) Ratfish Chimaericola Icptogastcr Family COREGONIDAE Prosopium cylindraceum (Pallas) Round Whitefish Diplostomulum sp. Prosopium williamsoni (Girard) Rocky Mountain Whitefish Allocreadium lohatum Crepidostomum farionis Discocotyle salmonis Diplostomulum sp. Podocotyle shawi Tetracotyle sp. Family COTTIDAE Aspicottus bison — synonym of Enophrys bison Blepsias cirrhosis (Pallas) Silver Spot Gcnolinea laticauda Clinocottus embryum (Jordan and Starks) Mossy Sculpin Lecithaster salmonis Derogenes varicus Cottus asper Richardson Prickly Bullhead Crepidostomum isotomum Diplostomulum sp. Tetracotyle sp. 64 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Cotius rhothcus (Rosa Smith) Torrent Sculpin Diplostomulum sp. Cottus sp. Tctracotylc sp. Plagioporus virens Dasycottus setiger Bean Spiny-headed Sculpin Gcnolinea niantcri Enophrys bison (Girard) Buffalo Sculpin Synonym : Aspicottus bison Genolinea laticauda Genolinea manteri Intuscirriis aspicotti Prosorhynchus squamatus Tubulovesicula lindhcrgi Hemilepidotus hemilepidofus (Tiselius) Red Irish Lord Tubulovesicula lindbcrgi Leptocottus onitattis Girard Common Sculpin Buccphalopsis ozakii Dero genes various Gcnolinea laticauda Gcnolinea manteri Gcnolinea montcreycnsis Lecithastcr salmonis Podocotyle atomon Podocotyle olssoni Podocotyle pedunculata Podocotyle reflcxa Podocotyle sinusacca Tubulovesicula lindhcrgi Radulinus asprcllus Gilbert Darter Sculpin Microcotyle sp. Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres) Giant Marbled Sculpin Genolinea laticauda Prosorhynchus crucibulus Ttdnilovesicula lindbergi Synchirus gilli Bean Manacled Sculpin Tubulovesicula lindbergi Family CYPRINIDAE Acrocheilus alutaceuni Agassiz and Pickering Chisel-mouth P ostodiplostomum minimum Dactylogyrus vancleavei Neascus sp. HOST LIST 65 Couesius plumhcus (Agassiz) Lake Chub AUocreadiwn lobafuni Dactylogyrtis banghami Dactylogyrus mylocheilus Diplostomulum sp. Gyrodactylus coucshis Ncascus sp. Postodiplostomum minimum Octomacrum sp. Tetracotyle sp. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus Carp Dactylogyrus anchorattis Dactylogyrus cxtensus Mylocheilus catirinum (Richardson) Chub Allocreadium lobatum Diplostomulum sp. Clinostomum marginatum Dactylogyrus mylocheilus Postodiplostomum minimum Ncascus sp. Tetracotyle sp. Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Richardson) Squaw-fish Allocreadium lobatum Dactylogyrus columbiensis Dactylogyrus ptychocheilus Dactylogyrus tridactylus Dactylogyrus vancleavei Diplostomulum sp. Neascus sp. P ostodiplostomum minimum Tetracotyle sp. Rhinichthys cataractae (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Long-nosed Dace Dactylogyrus banghami Neascus sp. P ostodiplostomum minimum Richardsonius baltcatus (Richardson) Red-sided Shiner Clinostomum marginatum Dactylogyrus banghami Dactylogyrus richardsonius Diplostomulum sp. Neascus sp. Postodiplostomum minimu)n Octomacrum sp. Tetracotyle sp. 66 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Family EMBIOTOCIDAE Cymatogaster aggregata Gibbons Yellow Shiner Lecithaster salmonis Telolecithus pugetensis Embiotoca lateralis — synonym of Tacniotoca lateralis Taeniotoca lateralis (Agassiz) Blue Sea Perch Synonym : Embiotoca lateralis Telolecithus pugetensis Family GADIDAE Lota lota (Linnaeus) Ling Crepidostomunt farionis Crepidostomum sp. Diplostomulum sp. P ostodiplostomum minimum Microgadus proximus (Girard) Tomcod Derogenes varicus Hemiurus levinseni Theregra fuccnsis (Pallas) Whiting Opecoelina theregrae Theregra chalcogamma (Pallas) Whiting Hemiurus levinseni Lcpidapedon microcotylcum Tubulovesicula lindbergi Family GASTEROSTEIDAE Gasterosteus cataphracfus — This host reported from B.C. by Guberlet (1937) has never been reported from the Northwest and probably should be considered G. aculeatus. Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus Three-spined Stickleback Bunodera eucaliae Crepidostomum corniitum Derogenes varicus Diplostomulum sp. Gyrodactylus elegans Lecithaster salmonis Podocotyle pacifica P ostodiplostomum minimum Parahemiurus merus Tetracotyle sp. Tubulovesicula lindbergi Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland) Brook Stickleback Bunodera eucaliae Tetracotyle sp. HOST LIST 67 Family HEXAGRAMMIDAE Chiropsis decagrammos—synonym of Hexagrammos decagrammos Hexagrammos decagrammos (Pallas) Kelp Greenling Synonym : Chiropsis decagrammos Microcotyle chiri Hexagrammos stelleri Tiselius White-spotted Greenling Podocotyle atomon Ophiodon elongatus Girard Lingcod Dcrogenes crassus Derogenes varicus Genolinea laticauda Gyrodactylus elegans Hemiurus levinseni Lccithochirium exodicum Microcotyle sebastis Prosorhynchus facilis Rhipidocotyle elongatum Stephanostomum casiim Stephanostomum tristcphanum Tubulovesicula lindbcrgi Udonella ophiodonfis on Lcpeophtheirus sp. Family HEXANCHIDAE Hexanthus grisciis (Bonnaterre) Shovelnose Shark Otodistomum plicatum Otodistomum veliporum Squalonchocotyle grisea Family ICTALURIDAE Ameiurtis melas — synonym of Ictalurus mclas Ameiurus natalis — synonym of Ictalurus natalis Ameiurus ncbulosus — synonym of Ictalurus ncbulosus Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque) Black Catfish Synonym : Ameiurus melas Phyllodistomum staff ordi Ictalurus natalis (LeSueur) Synonj'^m : Ameiurus natalis Phyllodistomum staff ordi Ictalurus ncbulosus (LeSueur) Brown Catfish Synonym : Ameiurus ncbulosus Alloglossidium corti Phyllodistomum staff ordi 68 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Family MERLUCCIIDAE Merluccius productus (Ayres) Hake Lecithophyllum anteroporum Family MOLIDAE Mola niola (Linnaeus) Ocean Sunfish Accocladocoelium macrocotyle Odhncrium calyptrocotylc Family PLEURONECTIDAE Eopsetta jordani (Lockington) Petrale Sole Lccith chirium exodicum Hippoglossiis stenolepis Schmidt Halibut EntohdcUa squamula Isopsetta isolepis (Lockington) Butter Sole Dcrogcncs variciis Tiibulovesicula lindbcrgi Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres) Rock Sole Ttdiulovesiciila lindbcrgi MicrostoDius pacificus (Lockington) Dover Sole Stephanostomtim tristcphanum Fellodistomum brevum Paralichthys calif ornicus (Ayres) (Probably a California record) Entobdclla squamula Parophrys vetuliis Girard Lemon Sole Tubulovesicula lindbcrgi Lcpidapcdon calli Steganodcrma formosum Platyichthys sicllatus (Pallas) Starry Flounder Bucephalopsis osakii Dcrogcncs varicus Lecithochiriiim exodicum Parahemiurus merus Tiibulovesicula lindbcrgi Pleuronichthys deciirrens (Jordan and Gilbert) Curl-fin Sole Fellodistomum furcigerum Pscttichthys melanostictus Girard Sand Sole Tubulovesicula lindbcrgi HOST LIST 69 Family RAJIDAE Raja binoculata Girard Big Skate Acanthocotylc pacifica Acanthocotyle pugetcnsis Merizocotyle pugetensis Otodistomum veliporum Rajonchocotyle batis Udonella caligorum on Caligns sp. Raja rhina Jordan and Gilbert Long-nosed Skate Acanthocotyle pacifica Raja stellulaia Jordan and Gilbert Prickly Skate Acanthocotyle pacifica Rajonchocotyle batis Family SALMONIDAE Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) Humpback Salmon Genolinea oncorhynchi Hemiunis levinseni Lecithophyllum anteroporwn Syncoelium katuzvo Oncorhynchus keta ("Walbaum) Chum Salmon Nanophyetus salmincola Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) Silver Salmon Crcpidostomum farionis Diplostomulum sp. Derogenes sp. Lecithaster sal»ionis Nanophyetus salmincola Podocotyle shazvi Tubulovesicula lindbergi Oncorhynchus ncrka (Walbaum) Sockeye Salmon Crepidostomum farionis Lecithaster salmonis Lecithophyllum anteroporuni Podocotyle shaz^n Syncoelium katuzi'o Tetracotyle sp. Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi (Suckley) Kokanee Red Salmon Crepidostomum farionis Crepidostomum sp. Podocotyle shazin 70 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) Chinook Salmon Brachyphallus crcnatus Derogenes sp. Heniitiriis levinseni Lecithaster sahnonis Lecithaster sp. Nanophyetus salmincola Tubidovesiciila lindbergi Salmo gairdncrii Richardson Rainbow Trout ; Steelhead Aponurus sp. C repidostomum cooperi Crcpidostomum farionis Derogenes sp. Diplostomulum sp. Gyrodactylus elegans Gyrodactylus spp. Nanophyetus salmincola Podocotyle shawi Podocotyle sp. Salmo gairdnerii kainloops (Jordan) Kamloops Trout Allocreadium lobatum Crepidostomum farionis Salmo clarkii Richardson Cutthroat Trout Crepidostomum farionis Crepidostomum sp. Derogenes sp. Diplostomulum sp. Nanophyetus salmincola Neascus sp. Plagioporiis siliculiis Podocotyle shazvi Podocotyle sp. Salmo clarkii hcnshawi (Gill and Jordan) Lahontan Cutthroat Sangiiinicola klauiathensis Salmo trutta Linnaeus Brown Trout Gyrodactylus elegans Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell) Eastern Brook Trout Alaria sp. Crepidostomum cooperi Crepidostomum farionis Crepidostomum sp. Diplostomulum sp. Nanophyetus salmincola A^eascus sp. HOST LIST 71 Salvelinus alpinus malma — synonym oiSalvelinus malma Salvelinus malma (Walbaum) Dolly Varden Trout Synonym : Salvelinus alpinus malma Aponurus sp. Brachyphallus crenatus Bucephalopsis ozakii Crepidostomum cooperi Crepidostomum sp. Diplostomulum sp. Discocotyle salmonis Lecithastcr salmonis Neascus sp. Tetracotyle sp. Family SCORPAENIDAE Sebastodcs alutus (Gilbert) Long-jawed Rock-fish Megalocotylc trituba Sebastodcs caurinus (Richardson) Copper Rock-fish Derogcnes varicus Hemiiirus Icvinseni Megalocotyle marginata Microcotyle sebastis Tubulovesicula lindbergi Sebastodes diptoproa (Gilbert) Lobe-jawed Rock-fish Megalocotyle trituba Sebastodes elongatus (Ayres) Green-striped Rock-fish Opecoelina radifistula Sebastodcs maligcr (Jordan and Gilbert) Orange-spotted Rock-fish Aporocotyle simplex Derogenes varicus Lccithochiriwn exodicum Lecithastcr salmonis Megalocotylc marginata Microcotyle sebastis Opecoelina theregrae Opechona occidentalis Podocotyle abitionis Sebastodes melanops (Girard) Black Rock-fish Lecithastcr salmonis Megalocotyle marginata Microcotyle sebastis Opechona parvasoma Tubulovesicula lindbergi 72 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Schastodes nehulosus (Ayres) Yellow-striped Rock-fish Lepidapedon pugetensis Megalocotyle marginata Sebastodes nigrocinctus (Ayres) Black-banded Rock-fish Tubiilovesicula lindbergi Sebastodes paucispinus (Ayres) Bocaccio Derogcnes crassus Megalocotyle trituba Sebastodes pinniger (Gill) Orange Rock-fish Megalocotyle trituba Sebastodes ruberriuius Cramer Red Snapper Hemmrus levinseni Lecifhochirium exodicum Megalocotyle trituba Opechona alaskcnsis Sebastodes sp. Aporocotylc simplex Derctrcma cholaeutn Entobdella squamula Gyrodactylus elegans Opechona occidentalis Podocotyle abitionis Stephanostomum casum Family SQUALIDAE Somniosus microccphalus (Schneider) Sleeper Shark Squalonchocotyle somniosi Squalus suckleyi (Girard) Dog-fish Squalonchocotyle abbreviata Squalus sucklii — see 5". suckleyi Family STICHAEIDAE Anoplarchus purpurescens Gill Coxcomb Tubulovesicula lindbergi Lunipenus sagitia (Willimovsky) Pacific Snake Blenny Xiphistcr atropurpurcus (Kittlitz) Black Blenny Podocotyle atomon Family SYNGNATHIDAE Syngnathus griseo-lineatus Ayres Pipe-fish Podocotyle atomon Podocotyle reflexa HOST LIST 73 Family THYMALLIDAE Thymallus arcticiis (Richardson) Arctic Grayling Synonym : Thymallus signifer Crepidostomiim farionis Crcpidostomum sp. Thymallus signifer — synonym of Thymallus arcticiis Family ZOARCIDAE Lycodopsis pacifica (Collett) Black-bellied Eel-pout Pseudopcoelus vulgaris "Species of Fresh Water Fishes" Plagioporus siliculus Plagioporus virens "Fish" Bencdenia hendorfii AMPHIBIAN HOSTS Class AMPHIBIA Order CAUDATA Family AMBYSTOMIDAE Amhy stoma gracile (Baird) Northwestern Salamander Megalodiscus amcricantis Monostostome cercaria (encysted) Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz) Pacific Giant Salamander Ccphalouterina dicamptodonti Euryhelmis pacificus Halipegus occidualis Megalodiscus m icrophagus PJiyllodistomum singulare Family PLETHODONTIDAE Ensatina eschscholtzi Gray Eschscholtz Salamander Brachycoelium salamandrac Family SALAMANDRIDAE Taricha granulosa (Skilton) Rough-skinned Newt Synonym : Triturus granulosus Megalodiscus americanus Brachycoelium salamandrac 74 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Taricha sp. Synonym : Triturus sp. Megalodiscus aiiicricanus Taricha torosa (Rathke) California Newt Halipegiis occidualis Triturus granulosus — synonym of Taricha granulosa Triturus sp. — synonym of Taricha sp. Order SALIENTIA Family BUFONIDAE Bufo horcas Baird and Girard Western Toad O phioxenos dientcros Family RANIDAE Rana aurora Baird and Girard Red-legged Frog Euryhelmis pacificus (larval) Halipegus occidualis Megalodiscus temperatus Metagonimoides oregonensis (larval) Rana aurora cascadae Slater Cascade Range Frog SynonyiTi : Rana cascadae Euryhelmis sqiiamula (larval) Rana cascadae — S3'nonjTn of Rana aurora cascadae Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard Spotted Frog Haplometrana intestinalis REPTILIAN HOSTS Class REPTILIA Order CHELONIA Family EMYDIDAE Ctemmys marinorata (Baird and Girard) Pacific Pond Turtle Neopolystoma orbiculare Ophioxenos dienteros Polystomoides coronaius Spirorchis artcricola Telorchis corti HOST LIST 75 Order SERPENTES Family COLUBRIDAE Thamnophis ordinotdcs (Baird and Girard) Red-striped Garter Snake Ophioxenos dientcros Lechriorchis plesientcra Alaria marcianae Zeugorchis syntomentcra Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus) Common Garter Snake Alaria marcianae Lechriorchis plesientcra Ophioxenos dientcros Zeugorchis syntomcnlera AVIAN HOSTS Class AVES Order PELICANIFORMES Family PELICANIDAE Pelecanus sp. Pelican Proalaria sp. Order CICONIIFORMES Family ARDEIDAE "Birds of the Heron Group" Clinostomum marginatum Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE Anas platyrhynchus Linnaeus Mallard Duck Echinostomum rcvolutum Zygocotyle lunatntn Cygnus buccinator — synonym of Olor buccinator Cygntis olor (Gmelin) Mute Swan S phacridiotrema globulus Domestic Duck Notocotylus imbricatus (Experimentally) Trichobilharsia elvae (Experimentally) Trichobilharcia oregonensis (Experimentally) Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Experimentally) 76 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Olor buccinator Richardson Trumpeter Swan Synonym : Cygnus buccinator Echinostomum revolutum Orchipedum tracheicola Zygocotyle liinatum Order FALCONIFORMES Family FALCONIDAE Falco sparvcrius Linnaeus Sparrow Hawk Athesmia jolliei Brachylecithmn idahoensis Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE Fulica americana Gmelin American Coot Cyclocoelum vmtabilc Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family LARIDAE Larus argcnfatus Pontoppidan Herring Gull Gynino phallus dcliciosus Larus californicus Lawrence California Gull Calactosomum htonbargari P scudo psilostonia ondatrac Larus canus Linnaeus Mew Gull Aporchis continuus Larus glaucecens Naumann Glaucous-winged Gull Galactosoni hiimbargari Gymnophallus dcliciosus Cryptocotyle lingua Larus hcermanni Cassin Heermann's Gull Galactoso)iiujn hutnbargari Larus occidentalis Audubon Western Gull Gymnophallus dcliciosus Parorchis acanthus Larus philadcphia (Ord) Bonaparte's Gull Galactoso)nu}n hwiibargari Larus sp. Stephanoprora sp. A po phallus donicus HOST LIST 77 Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Haematopus bachmani Audubon Black Oyster Catcher Echinostephilla haematopi Levinseniella propinqua Plenosoma minimtmi Gymnophallus obscurits Microphallus prinias Order PASSERIFORMES Family COMPSOTHLYPIDAE Opornis tolmiei (Townsend) MacGillivray's Warbler Glaphrystomuni propinquum Family FRINGILLIDAE Hespcriophona vespcrtina brooksi Grinnell Western Evening Grosbeak Brachylecithum chivosca Passer cUa iliaco (Merriam) Fox Sparrow Concinnuni burleighi Passer cuius sandunchensis (Gmelin) Savannah Sparrow Paradistomum passcrculwn Pipilo erythophfhalmus oregonus Bell Oregon Towhee Synonym : Pipilo maculatus oregonensis Lutztrema monentcron Pipilo maculatus oregonensis — synonym of Pipilo erythophthalmus oregonus Family TURDIDAE Ixoreus nacvis naevis (Gmelin) Pacific Varied Thrush Brachylecithum mosquense Macyella postnoporus Lutztrema moncnteron Turdtis migratorius Linnaeus American Robin Brachylecithum mosquense Brachylaeme fuscatus Lutztrema monenteron MAMMALIAN HOSTS Class AlAMMALIA Order INSECTIVORA Family SORICIDAE Sorcx bcndirii (Merriam) Pacific Water Shrew Euryhelmis pacificus Sorex bcndirii palmeri Merriam Pacific Water Shrew Xiphidiotrema lockeri 76 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Sorcx palustris navigator (Baird) Water Shrew Xiphidiotrema lockeri Order CHIROPTERA Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois) Big Brown Bat Allassogonoporus marginalis Myotis calif ornicus caurinus Miller California Bat Acanthatrium orcgonense Allassogonoporus marginalis Limatulum gastroides Myotis evotis (Allen) Long-eared Bat Acanthatritun orcgonense Myotis iucifugus (LeConte) Little Brown Bat AcantliatriiDii orcgonense Allassogonoporus marginalis Plagiochis vespertilionis parorchis Order RODENTIA Family CASTORIDAE Castor canadensis Kuhl Beaver Euryhelmis pacificus Stichorchis subtriqucstrus Family CRICETIDAE Fiber sibethica — synonym of Ondatra zibethica Neotoma fiiscipes Baird Dusky-footed Woodrat Platynosomum fastosum Ondatra sibethica (Lirmaeus) Muskrat Synonym : Fiber sibethica Echinoparyphium contiguum Echinostomum coalitum Echinostoniwn revolutuni Euryhelmis pacificus Notocotylus sp. Notocotylus urbanensis Plagiorchis proximus Quinqucserialis quinqueserialis Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) Deer Mouse Euryhelmis pacificus Order PRIMATES Family HOMINIDAE Homo sapiens Linnaeus Man Schistosoma liaematobiuDi HOST LIST 79 Order CETACEA Family BALAENOPTERIDAE Balaenoptera borealis Lesson Sei Whale Ogmogaster plicatus Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus) Common Finback Whale Lecithodesnms goliath Lecithodesnms spinosus Ogmogaster plicatus Family DELPHINIDAE Phocaena vomerina (Gill) Pacific Harbor Porpoise Campula oblongata Hadwenius nipponicus Order CARNIVORA Family CANIDAE Canis familiaris Common Dog Alaria arisaemoides Nanophyctiis salmincola Canis latrans lestes Merriam Coyote SynonjTn: Canis lestes Merriam Alaria oregonensis Alaria sp. Nanophyetus salmincola Canis lestes sj'noniTn of Canis latrans lestes Canis vulpes synon>-m of Vulpes fulva Vulpes fulva (Desmarest) Red Fox Synonym : Canis vulpes Nanophyetus salmincola Family FELIDAE Felis domesticus Common Cat Alaria arisaemoides Nanophyetus salmincola (Experimentally) Lynx fasciatus fasciatus — synonym of Lynx rufus fasciatus Lynx rufus fasciatus (Rafinesque) Bobcat Synonym : Lynx fasciatus fasciatus Nanophyetus salmincola Family MUSTELIDAE Mustela frcnata Lichtenstein Weasel Alaria mustelae 80 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Mustela vison Schreber Mink Alaria mustelae Ccphalo phallus ohscuriis (ExperimentalljO Eurylielmis pacificus Euryhelmis squainula Metagonimoides oregonensis Nanophyetus sahnincola Family PROCYONIDAE Procyon lot or pacificus (Merriam) Raccoon Synonym : Procyon psora pacifica Metagonimoides oregonensis Nanophyetus sahnincola Pharyngostomoidcs procyonis Procyon psora pacifica — synonym of Procyon lofor pacificus Family URSIDAE Ursus americanus Bear Nanophyetus sahnincola Order ARTIODACTYLIDA Family BOVIDAE Bison bison bison (Linnaeus) Buffalo Fascioloides magna Bos taurus Common Cow (Domesticated) Fasciola Iiepatica Fascioloides magna Paramphistomum cervi Para}npJiistoimim sp. Capra hircus Common Goat (Domesticated) Fasciola hepatica Ovis aires Common Sheep (Domesticated) Fasciola hepatica Family CERVIDAE Alecs alces shirasi (Nelson) Moose Fascioloides magna Cervus canadensis Erxleben Elk Fascioloides magna Dama heniionis (Rafinesque) Mule Deer Synonyms : Odocoilus columbianus Odocoilus hemionis Fasciola hepatica Fascioloides magna Odocoilus coluDibianus — synonym of Dama hemionis Odocoilus hcDiionis — synonym of Dama hemionis Bibliography Abbott, R. T. 1954. American Seashells. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 541 pp. Abernathy, C. 1937. Notes on Crepidostomum cornutum (Osborn). Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc, 56: 206-207. Acena, Sergio P. 1941. Preliminary notes on a trematode with two yolk reservoirs and a new species of Lecithochirium. Philippine J. Sci., 75{2i) : 285-289. 1947. New trematodes from Puget Sound fishes. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc, 66: 127- 139. Allison, L. H., and F. J. Holl. 1937. 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A revision of the genus Haplometrana Lucker, 1931, (Trematoda: Plagior- chiidae), with notes on its distribution and specificity. J. Parasit., 45 {A) : 385-388. Wales, J. H. 1958. Two new blood flukes parasites of trout. Calif. Fish and Game, 44: 125-136. Wallace, H. E. 1939. Life history of Triganodistomum mutabile. (Cort) : Trematoda. J. Parasit., 25(6, suppl.): 26-27. 1941. Life history and embryology of Triganodistomum mutabile (Cort) : Lis- sorchiidae, Trematoda. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc, 60 {2>) : 309-326. Wallin, I. E. 1909. A new species of the trematode genus Allocreadium with a revision of the genus and a kev to the sub-familj' Allocreadiinae. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc, 29: 50-64. Ward, H. B. 1921. A new blood fluke from turtles. J. Parasit., 7{2,) : 114-128. Ward, H. B., and J. F. Mueller. 1926. A new pop-eye disease of trout fry. Archiv. fiir Schiffs-und Tropen-hvgiene, 30: 602-609. Ward, H. B., and G. C. Whipple. 1959. Fresh Water Biology, 2nd ed. W. T. Edmondson, ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1,248 pp. Werby, Helena J. 1928a. On the trematode genus Harmostomum with the description of a new species. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc, 47: 68-81. 1928b. Glaphyrostomum sang inn olentum, a new trematode. J. Parasit., 14: 183-187. Wharton, G. W. 1940. The genera Telorchis, Protenes, and Auridistomuni (Trematoda: Reni- feridae). J. Parasit., 26: 497-518. Willey, C. H. 1930. An amphistome cercaria, Cercaria pocoensis, with branched main excretor>^ tubes. Anat. Rec, 47 {Z) : 364. 1941. The life history and bionomics of the trematode ZygocotyJc lunata (Paramp- histomatidae). Zoologica: New York, 26(2) : 65-88. 1954. The relations of lymph and excretorj^ systems in Zygocotyle lunata (Ab- stract). Anat. Rec, 120 {2,) : 810-811. 104 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Winter, Howard A. 1955. "Capsala caballeroi" sp. n. Parasite de "Sardo orientalis" con un Catalogo de los trematodos Monogeneos de los Feces del oceano Pacifico de las Americas. Rev. BrasilBiol, i5(l): 9-32. Witenberg, C. 1932. On the anatomy and s}-stematic position o£ the causative agent of so-called salmon poisoning. J. Parasit., 18: 258-263. Wood, R. A., and J. D. Mizelle. 1957. Studies on monogenetic trematodes. XXI. North American Gyrodactylinae, Dactylogyrinae and a new host record for Urocleidus dispar. (Mueller, 1936). Amer. Midi. Nat., 5/: 183-202. Woodhead, A. E. 1955. A study of the miracidium of Gigantohilharzia huronensis Najim, 1950, with special reference to the germinal cells. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc, 74 {\) : 32-37. Wu, K. 1938. Progenesis of Phyllodistoniiim lestcri sp. nov. (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae) in fresh water shrimps. Parasitology, 30(1) : 4-19. Wu, L. Y., and A. A. Kingscote. 1953. A note on Lymnaca stagnalis (L.) as a snail host for Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) (Trematoda). J. Parasit., 39: 568. 1954. Further study on Lyninaea stagnalis (L.) as a snail host for Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) (Trematoda). J. Parasit., 40: 90-93. Yamaguti, S. 1934. Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part II. Trematodes of fishes, I. Jap. J. Zool., 5: 249-541. 1938. Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. 21. Trematodes of fishes, IV, rev. ed., Toyko: Maruzen Co. Ltd., 139 pp. 1940. Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. 31. Trematodes of fishes, VII. Jap. J. Zool., 9: 35-108. 1951. Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. 48. Trematodes of fishes, X. Arbeiter aus der Medizinischer Fakultat Okayama. Bd. 7, Heft 4, pp. 315-334. 1953. Systema helminthiim. Part I. Digenetic trematodes of fishes. Toyko: Published by the author with the aid of the Japanese Government, 405 pp. 1958. Systema helminthum,. Vol. I. Digenetic trematodes. Parts I and II. New York : Interscience Publishers Inc., 900 and 600 pp. Zelikman, E. A. 1953. Life cvcle of the avian trematode Gynmophaliits affinis (Russian text). Dok- lady Akad. Nauk, SSSR., n. s., 91: 989-992. Pacific Northwest Trematode Theses Acena, Sergio P. 1942. A new genus and three new species of digenetic trematode from Puget Sound Fishes. M.A. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 45 pp. Aldrich, Lewis Eugene Jr. 1960. Digenetic trematodes from marine fishes in the San Juan Archipelago. Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 110 pp. Bennington, E. E. 1951. The life history of the salmon-poisoning fluke Troglotrema salmincola (Chapin). Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 42 pp. Burns, W. C. 1952. The life cycle of Metagonimoides oregonensis Price (Trematoda; Hetero- phyidae). M.A. thesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 32 pp. Chamberlain, G. B. 1950. The helminth parasites of muskrats of Gray's Lake. M.S. thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow. Coats, Ruth E. 1938. A new trematode Renifcr buccalis n. sp. from the indigo snake. M.S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 31 pp. Deforest, Adamadia. 1957. A study of larval trematodes of the Colvimbia Basin. M.S. thesis, Wash- ington State College, Pullman, 71 pp. Donham, C.R. 1928. Salmon poisoning in dogs. M.S. thesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 115 pp. Dunlap, Delpha D. 1951. A survey of the helminth parasites of Leptocottus armatus armatus Girard. M.S. thesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 25 pp. Fritts, Donald H. 1955. A survey of the helminth parasites of the fishes of Northern Idaho. M.S. thesis. University of Idaho, Moscow. Gregoire, Earl. 1951. Helminth parasites of Eopsctta jordani (Lockington). M.S. thesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 30 pp. Griffith, Ruth E. 1950. Preliminary survey of the parasites of fish of the Palouse area. M.S. thesis, Washington State College, Pullman, 35 pp. Knight, Robert A. 1955. The life cycle of AUassogonoporus vespertill'wnis Macj' and Acanthafrium oregoncnse Macy (Trematoda: Lecithodendriidae). M.S. thesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 26 pp. Lloyd, Lowell C. 1931. A new genus and species of Monorchidae. M.A. thesis, University of Wash- ington, Seattle, 35 pp. Lloyd, Lowell C. 1936. Some digenetic trematodes from Puget Sound fish. Ph.D. thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, 72 pp. Margolis, Leo. 1952. Studies on parasites and diseases of marine and anandromous fish from the Canadian Pacific Coast. Ph.D. thesis, McGill University, Montreal, 215 pp. 105 106 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST McCaule}^, James E. 1954. Some hemiurid trematodes of Oregon marine fishes. Ph.D. tliesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 73 pp. Peterson, Harold O. 1931. On trematodes of water birds with descriptions of two new species. M.A. thesis. University of Washington, Seattle. Royce, Bertha M. 1937. Some trematodes of Pacific Northwest birds. Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. Thatcher, Vernon E. 1954. Helminth parasites of the Pacific terrapin. Clcmniys marmorata. M.S. thesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 33 pp. Wakhroucheff, Deena. 1955. Some hemiurids of British Columbia marine fishes. B.A. thesis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Warren, Albert J. 1956. Arthropod and helminth parasites of the mallard duck. Anas Platyrbynchus platyrhynchus (L.) in Northern Idaho. M.S. thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow. Werby, Helena. 1926. A review of the trematode genus Harmostomum new to North America. M.S. thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, 59 pp. Index References are to pages Acanthatrinni oregonense, 37, 59, 62, 78 Acanthocolpidae, 13 AcantJiocotyle pacifica, 5, 69 Acantliocotyle pugetensis, 5, 69 Acanthocotylidae, 5 Accocladocoeliurn macrocotylc, 13. 68 Accacoeliidae, 13 Acrocheilus alutaceuin, 7, 25, 64 Alaria arisaenioidcs, 23, 79 Alaria marcianac, 24, 75 Alaria mustelac, 24, 79, 80 Alaria orcgonensis, 24, 79 Alaria sp., 24, 79 Alces alces shirasi, 28, 29, 80 Allassogonoporus marginalis, 38, 59, 61, 78 Allocreadiidae, 14 Allocreadimn lobaluni, 14, 62, 63, 65 Allocreadium sp., 46 Alloglossidiunt corti, 50, 67 Ambystonia gracilc, 47, 56, 72> Amciurus nielas, see Ictalurus melas Amiurus natalis, see Ictalurus natalis Ameiurus ncbulosus, see Ictalurus nehulosus Anas bosclias, 52 Anas platyrhynchus, 27, 49, 75 Anoplarchus purpiirescens, 35, 72 Aponurus sp., 30, 70, 71 Apophallus donicus, 36, 76 Aporchis continuus, 26, 76 Aporocotyle simplex, 17, 71, 72 Aporocotylidae, 17 Aspicottus bison, see Enophrys bison Athesmia jollici, 21, 76 Azygiidae, 17 Balacnoptcra borealis, 20, 43, 79 Balacnoptera physalus, 20, 43, 79 Bat, big brown, 38, 78 Bat, California, 37, 38, 78 Bat, little brown, 37, 38, 51, 78 Bat, long-eared, 37, 78 Bear, 80 Beaver, 36, 49, 78 Bencdcnia hendorfii, 5, 73 Bison bison bison, 28, 29, 80 Bittium eschrichti, 57, 61 Black bass, large-mouth, 24, 25, 63 Blenny, black, 45, 72 Blenny, crested, 35, 72 Blepsias cirrhosis, 32, 63 Bluegill, 25, 63 Bobcat, 41, 79 Bocaccio, 6, 31, 72 Bolinopsis microptcra, 34, 59 Bos taunts, see cow, common domesticated Brachycoelium salainandrae, 21, 73 Brachylaemidae, 18 Brachylaime fuscatus, 18, 77 Bracliylecithum chivosca, 22, 77 Brachylecithuni idahoensis, 22, 76 Bracliylecithum mosquense, 22, 77 Brachy phallus crenatus, 30, 70, 71 Bucephalidae, 19 Bucephalopsis haemianus, 19 Bucephalopsis ozakii, 19, 64, 68, 71 Buffalo, 28, 29, 80 Bufo americanus, 23 Bufo boreas, 48, 74 Bullhead, prickly, 16, 24, 25, 26, 63 Bullinus sp., 48 Bunodera eucaliae, 14, 66 Bythinia tentaculata, 52 Caddis flies, 37, 38, 49, 59 Cainocreadium sp., 46 C aligns sp., (on Raja binoculata) 11, 59 Campula oblongata, 20, 79 Campulidae, 20 Canis familiaris, 23, 40, 79 Canis latrans lestes, 24, 40, 79 Canis lestes, see Canis latrans lestes Canis vulpes, see Vulpes fulva Capra hircus, see goat, common domesti- cated Capsalidae, 5 Carp, 6, 7, 65 Castor canadensis, 36, 49, 78 Cat. common, 23, 41, 79 Catfish, brown, 29, 50, 67 Catostomus catostomus, 7, 14, 16, 24, 25, 26, 39, 62 Catostomus columbiamis palouseanus, 8, 25, 62 Catostomus commersoni, 24, 62 Catostomus macrocheilus, 7, 16, 24, 25, 26, 39, 62 Cephalo phallus obscuru^, 38, 59, 61, 80 Cephalouterina dicamptodonti, 38, 73 Cercaria absurda, 56, 60 Cercaria bulbocaudata, 56, 60 Cercaria burti, 56, 60 Cercaria cita, 28, 60 107 108 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Cercaria columhiensis, 54, 60. Cercaria echinata, 27 Cercaria elvae, 53 Cercaria foliata, 56, 61 Cercaria granula, 56, 61 Cercaria hirsuta, 56, 61 Cercaria pigmentata, 48 Cercaria poconensis, 49 Cercaria purpuracaudata, 57, 61 Cercaria robmsonensis, 55, 60 Cercaria sanjuanensis, 56, 60 Cercaria searlesiae, 56, 61 Cercaria tuckerensis, 54, 61 Cervus canadensis, 28, 29, 80 Chaetogaster sp., 39 Chasmistes sp., 57, 63 Chimaera monstrosa, 18 Chiniaericola leptogaster, 6, 63 Chimaericolidae, 6 Chiropsis decagrammos, see Hexagrammos decagrammos chisel-mouth, 7, 25, 64 Chrysemys picta, 52 Chub, 7, 14, 21, 24, 25, 26, 65 Chub, lake, 6, 7, 8, 14, 24, 25, 26, 65 Citharichthys sordidus, 35, 62 Citharichthys stigmaeus, 35, 62 Clemmys viarmorata, 10, 48, 52, 55, 74 Clinocottus eudvyum, 31, 33, 63 Clinostomatidae, 21 Clinostomum compianatiim, 21 Clinostomum marginatum, 21, 65, 75 Concinnum burleighi, 22, 77 Coot, American, 76 Coitus asper, 16, 24, 25, 26, 63 Cottus rhotheus, 24, 26, 64 Coitus sp., 44, 64 Couesius plumbciis, 6, 7, 8, 14, 24, 25, 26, 65 Cow, common domesticated, 28, 29, 48, 80 Coxcomb, 32, 72 Coyote, 24, 40, 79 Crayfish, 14, 15, 38, 44, 59 Crepidostomum coo peri, 15, 59, 70, 71 Crepidostomum cornutum, 14, 66 Crepidostomum farionis, 15, 63, 66, 69, 70, 73 Crepidostomum isotomum, 16, 63 Crepidostomum sp., 16, 66, 69, 70, 71, 73 Cryptocotyle lingua, 36, 76 Culex sp., 51, 59 Cyclas sp., 26 Cyclocoehmi mutabile, 21, 76 Cyclococlidae, 21 Cyclocoehmi obscuruin, 21 Cyclops sp., 32 Cygnus buccinator, see Olor buccinator Cygnus olor, 52, 75 Cymatogaster aggregata, 2i2>, 40, 66 Cypridopsis vidua, 32, 59 Cyprinus carpio, 6, 7, 65 Cystophorous cercaria, "A" 57, 61 Cystophorous cercaria, "B" 57, 61 Dace, long-nosed, 6, 25, 65 Dactylogyridae, 6 Dactylogyrus anchoratus, 6, 65 Dactylogyrus banghami, 6, 65 Dactylogyrus columbiensis, 7, 65 Dactylogyrus extensus, 7, 65 Dactylogyrus mylocheilus, 7, 65 Dactylogyrus ptychocheilus, 7, 65 Dactylogyrus richardsonius, 7, 65 Dactylogyrus tridactylus, 7, 65 Dactylogyrus vancleavei, 7, 64, 65 Dama hemionis, 28, 29, 80 Dasycottus sctiger, 32, 64 Deer, coast, 29, 80 Deer, mule, 29, 80 Deltistes sp., 57, 63 Deretrema cholaeum, 55. 72 Derogenes crassus, 31, 67, 70, 72 Derogenes varicus, 31, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 71 Derogenes sp., 31, 69 Dicamptodon ensatus, 29, 30, 36, 38, 47, 73 Dicrocoeliidae, 21 Diplostomidae, 23 Diplostomulum sp., 24, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71 Diplostomum sp., 24, 75 Discocotyle salmonis, 7, 63, 71 DiscocotyUdae, 7 Dog, common, 23, 40, 79 Dogfish, 9, 72 Dragon fly, 32, 50, 51 Duck, domestic, 42, 53, 75 Duck mallard, 27, 49, 75 Echinoparyphium contiguum, 26, 78 Echinoparyphium recurvatum, 26 Echinostephilla hacmatopi, 49, 77 Echinostomatidae, 26 Echinostonmm coalitiim, 27, 78 Echinostoiiimii rcvolutum, 27, 75, 76, 78 Ell-blenny, see coxcomb Eel-pout, black-bellied, 44, 72> Elk, 28, 29, 80 Embiotoca lateralis, see Tacniotoca lateralis Enoplirys bison, 19, 32, 35, 64 Ensatina cschscholtd, 22, 72) INDEX 109 Entobdclla sqiiaimda, 5, 68, 72 Eopsetta jordani, 34, 68 Ephemerid larvae, 15, 16, 50, 51, 59 Eptesiciis fuscus, 38, 78 Eucalia inconstans, 14, 26, 66 Euryhelmis pacificus, 36, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80 Euryhelviis squamiila, 36, 74, 80 Falco sparverius, 21, 22, 76 Fasciola hepatica, 28, 29, 60, 80 Fasciolidae, 28 Fascioloides magna, 28, 29, 80 Felis doniesticus, 23, 41, 79 Fellodistomatidae, 29 Fellodistonmm hrevum, 29, 68 Fellodistoinum furcigerum, 29, 68 Fiber zibethica, see Ondatra zibcthica Flounder, starry, 19, 31, 34, 35, 68 Fhimenicola virens, 17, 38, 44, 61 Fossaria parva, 49 Fox, red, 41, 79 Frog, Cascade Range, Z7, 74 Frog, red-legged, 32, 37, 47, 52, 74 Frog, spotted, 50, 74 Fulica americana, 76 Galactosomiivi humbargari, 27, 7(i Galba bulminoides, see Lymnaea bulmi- noides bulminoides Galba fcrruginea, see Lymnaea ferruginea Garter snake, common, 24, 48, 50, 52, 75 Garter snake, red-striped, 24, 48, 50, 52, 75 Gasterosteiis aculeatus, 8, 14, 24, 25, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 46, 66 Gasterosteiis cataphractiis, 8, 66 Genolinea laticauda, 32, 63, 64, 67 Gcnolinea manteri, 32, 64, 72 Genolinea montereyensis, 32, 64 Genolinea oncorhynchi, 32, 68 Gigantobilharcia liuronensis, 54, 60 Glaphrystomum propinquum, 18, 77 Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, 18 Goat, common domesticated, 28, 80 Goniobasis plicifera silicula, see Oxytreina silicida Goniobasis silicula, see Oxytrema silicula Goose, domestic, 53 Gorgoderidae, 29 G or dins, 22 Gorgoderina, sp. 30 Grayling, arctic, 15, 16, 72 Greenling, kelp, 9, 45, 67 Greenling, white-spotted, 45, 67 Grosbeak, western evening, 22, 75 Guinea pig, 41 Gull. 36 Gull, California, 37, 52, 76 Gull, glaucous-winged, 36, 37, 76 Gull, herring, 76 Gull, mew, 26, 76 Gull, western, 39, 49, 76 Gymnophallus deliciosus, 39, 76 Gymnophalhis obscurus, 40, 77 Gyraulus parvus, 43 Gyrodactylidae, 8 Gyrodactylus couesius, 8, 65 Gyrodactylus elegans, 8, 66, 67, 72 Gyrodactylus sp., 8, 63 Hadwenius nipponicus, 20, 79 Haematopiis bachmani, 40, 49, 77 Hake, 34, 68 Halibut, 5, 68 Halipegus occidualis, 32, 59, 73, 74 Hamster, 41, 50 Haplometrana intestinalis, 50, 74 Hawk, sparrow, 21, 22, 76 Helisoma antrosum, 21 Helisoma campanulatum, 21 Helisoma subcreatum (?) (error of H. siibcrenatus?) see Planorbis trivolvis subcrenatus Helisoma trivolvis, 55 Helisoma sp., 39, 49, 50 Helix pisana, 18 Hemilcpidonotus hemilepidonotus, 35, 64 Hemiuridae, 30 Heniiurus levenseni, 33, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72 Herons, 21, 75 Hesperiophona vespertina brooksi, 22, 77 Heterophyidae, 36 Hexabothriidae, 8 Hexagrammos decagramnios, 9, 45, 67 Hexagrammos stelleri, 45, 67 Hexanthus griseus, 9, 17, 18, 67 Hippoglossus stenolepis, 5, 68 Homo sapiens, 55, 78 Hydrolagus colliei, 6, 63 Hyla regilla, 52 Ictahirus melas, 29, 67 Ictalurus natalis, 29, 67 Ictalunis nebulosus, 29, 50, 67 Intuscirrus aspicotti, 33, 64 Isopsetta isolepis, 31, 35, 68 Ixoreus naevis naevis, 22, 23, 38, 77 Larus argentatus, 76 Larus calif amicus, 37, 52, 76 Larus canus, 26, 76 Larus glaucecens, 36, 37, 76 Larus heermanni, 37, 76 110 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Larus occidcntalis, 39, 49, 76 Larus phildelphia, 37, 76 Larus sp., 27, 36, 76 Lechriorchis plesicntera, 50, 75 Lccithaster salmonis, 33, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 70, 71 Lecithastcr sp., Zi, 70 Lecithchirhmi exodiciiin, 34, 67, 68, 71, 72 Lecithochirium sp., 34, 59 Lecithodendriidae, 37 Lecithodcsmiis go Hath, 20, 79 Lecithodesmus spinosus, 20, 79 Lecithophyllum anteroporum, 34, 68, 69 Lepeophtheirus sp., (on Ophiodon elnnga- tus) 11, 59 Lepidapedon colli, 39, 68 Lcpidapcdon microcotylcuni, 39, 66 Lepidapedon pugetensis, 39, 72 Lepidopsetta bilineata, 35, 68 Lepocreadiidae, 38 Lepomis gibbosus, 25, 63 Lepomis macrochirus, 25, 63 Lepomis uiegalotus, 25 Leptocottus armatiis, 19, 31, 32, 33, 35, 45, 46, 64 Lcvinseniclla propinqua, 40, 77 Liniatuhun gastroides, 38, 78 Ling, 15, 16, 24, 25, 66 Lingcod, 8, 9, 12, 19, 20, 31, 32, 23, 34, 35, 67 Liparis liparis, 19 Lissorchidae, 39 Lissorchis sp., 39 Littorina littorea, 36 Littorina rudis, 45 Lo/a /o/a, 15, 16, 24, 25, 66 Liiinpemis sagitta, 32, 72 Lutztrcma moncntcron, 23, 77 Lycodopsis pacifica, 44, 73 Lyninaea buHininoides buliminoidcs, 28, 50, 51 Lymnaea ferruginca, 28, 60 Lymnaea palustris nuttalliana, 26, 53, 54, 60 Lymnaea peregra, 26 Lymnaea stagnalis, 51, 53, 56, 60 Lymnaea stagnalis jugiilus, 53, 59 Lymnaea trunculata, 28, 59 Lymnaea sp., 26, 43 Lynx fasciatus fasciatus, see L3'«.i- ;-?(/!(.s- fasciatus Lynx riifus fasciatus, 41, 79 Macyella postnoponis, 38 Man, 55, 78 M aril a affinis, 52 Mayflies,' 15, 16, 50, 51, 59 Megalocotyle marginata, 6, 71, 72 Megalocotyle trituba, 6, 71, 72 Megalodiscus americanus, 47, 73, 74 Megalodiscus microphagus, 47, 73 Megalodiscus temperatus, 47, 74 Menidia, 19 Mcrizocotyle pugetensis, 10, 69 Merhiccius productus, 34, 68 M etagonimoides oregonensis, 37, 74, 80 Microcotyle chiri, 9, 67 Microcotyle sebastis, 9, 67, 71 Microcotyle sp., 9 Microcotylidae, 9 Microgadus proximus, 31, 33, 66 Microphallidae, 39 Microphallus primas, 40, 77 Micropterus salmoides, 24, 25, 63 Microstomus pacificus, 29, 56, 68 Mink, 24, 36, 37, 38, 41, 79 Mola mola, 12, 68 Monocotylidae, 10 Monorchidae, 40 Monostonie cercariae, 56, 73 Moose, 28, 29, 80 Mosquito larvae, 51, 59 Mouse, deer, 36 Mus miisculius, 51 Musculium sp., 14, 15 Muskrat, 26, 27, 36, 43, 51, 78 Mustela frcnata, 24, 79 M'ustela vision, 24, 36, 37, 38, 41, 79 Mylocheilus cauriniim, 7, 14, 21, 24, 25, 26, 65 Myotis californicus caurimts, 37, 38, 78 Myotis evotis, 37, 78 Myotis lucifugus, 37, 38, 51, 78 Mytilus edulis, 19 Nanophyetidae, 40 Nanophvetus saliiiincola, 40, 41, 62, 69, 70. 79, 80 Nanophvetus schikhobalozvi, 41 Neascus sp., 25, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71 Neoglyphe locellus, 50, 60 Neopolystoma orbiculare, 10, 74 Neorickettsia helminthoeca, A2 Neotoma fuscipes, 23, 78 Newt, California, 32, 47, 74 Newt, rough-skinned, 22, 73 Notocotylidae, 42 Notocotyhis imbricatus, 42, 62, 75 Notocotylus sp., 43, 78 Notocotyhis urbanensis, 43, 78 OclojiiacruDi lanccatum, 7, 62 Octomacriim sp., 7, 65 Odhnerium calyptrocotylc, 12, 68 INDEX 111 Odocoilus coluiiibianus, see, Dama hemionis Odocoilus hemionis, see Dama hemionis Ognwgaster pUcatus, 43, 79 Olor buccinator, 27, 47, 49, 76 Oncorhynchus gorhuscha, 32, 33, 34, 55, 69 Oncorliynchus keta, 41, 69 Oncorhynchus kisutch, 15, 24, 31, 33, 35, 41, 46, 69 Oncorhynclms nerka, 15, 26, 33, 34, 55, 69 Oncorhynclms nerka kennerlyi, 15, 69 Oncorlivnchus fashaicvischa, 30, 31, 33, 35, 41, 70 Ondatra sihethica, 26, 27, 36, 43, 51, 78 Opechona alaskensis, 38, 42 Opechona hacillaris, 38 Opechona occidentalis, 38, 71, 72 Opechona parvasoma, 39, 71 Opecoelidae, 44 Opecoilina radifistula, 44, 71 Opecoilina theragrac, 44, 66, 71 Ophiodon elongatus, 8, 9, 12, 19, 20, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 67 Ophioxenos dicnteros, 48, 74, 75 Opornis tolmiei, 18, 77 Orcliipedidae, 47 Orchipcdum tracheicola, 47, 76 Otodistomum plicatum, 18, 67 Otodistomum veliporum, 17, 67, 69 Ovis aires, see sheep, common domesticated Oxytrema silicula, 37, 41, 42, 44, 61 Pacifastacus sp., 14, 15, 3S, 44, 59 Paradistomum passercuhim, 23, 77 Parahemiiirus merits, 34, 66, 68 Paralechriorcliis syntomcntcra, see Zeugor- chis syntomcntcra Paramphistomatidae, 47 Paramphistomum cervi, 48, 80 Paramphistomuin sp., 48, 80 Parophrys vciuhis, 35, 39, 56, 68 Parorchis acanthus, 49, 59, 76 Passerculus sandzvichensis, 23, 77 Passerella illiaco, 22, 77 Pelecanus sp., 24, 75 Pelican, 24, 75 Perch, blue sea, 40, 66 Peromyscus manicidatus, 36 Pharyngostomoides procyonis, 25, 80 Philophthalmidae, 49 Phocaena vomerina, 20, 79 Phyllodisiomum singulare, 29, 73 Phyllodisfomum staff ordi, 29, 67 PJiyUodistonium sp., 30 Physa amptdlacea, 53, 54, 60 Physa conformis, 53, 54, 60 Physa gyrina, 52, 54, 55, 60 Physa heterostropha, 25 Physa sp., 43, 48 Physella intcgra, 52 Physella utahensis, 50 Pipefish, 45, 46, 72 Fi>;7o crythophthalmus oregonus, 23, 77 Fi>!7o macidatus oregoncnsis, see Pj/>i7o erytliophtlialmus oregonus Pisidium sp., 15, 16 Plagiocirrus primus, 16, 63 Plagiocirrus testeus, 16, 63 Plagiocirrus sp., 16, 62 Plagioporus silicidiis, 44, 59, 62, 73 Plagioporus virens, 44, 61, 64, 73 Plagiorchiidae, 50 Plagiorchis proximus, 51, 78 Plagiorchis vcspertUionis parorchis, 51, 59, 60, 78 Planaria sp., 39 Planorbis trivolvis subcrenatus, 32, 61 Planorbis sp., 26, 28, 55, 56, 61 Planorbula armigcra, 23, 24 Platyichthys stellatus, 19, 31, 34, 35, 68 Platynosomum fastosum, 23, 78 Plenosoma minimum, 40, 77 Pleuronichthys decurrcns, 29, 68 Podocotyle abitionis, 45, 71, 72 Podocotyle atomon, 45, 64, 67, 72 Podocotyle olssoni, 45, 64 Podocotyle pacifica, 46, 66 Podocotyle pedunculata, 46, 64 Podocotyle rcflexa, 46, 64, 72 Podocotyle shazvi, 46, 63, 69, 70 Podocotyle stnusacca, 46, 64 Podocotyle sp., 46, 70 Polystomatidae, 10 Polystomoidcs coronatus, 10, 74 Porichthys notatus, 31, 33, 62 Porpoise, Pacific harbor, 20, 79 Postodiplostomum minimum, 25, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 Proalaria sp., see Diplostotmim sp. Procyon lotor pacificus, 37, 41, 80 Procyon psora pacifica, see Procyon lotor pacificus Promenetus exacuous, 23 Prosopium cylindraceiim, 24, 63 Prosopium williamsoni, 7, 14, IS, 24, 26, 63 Prosorhynchus crucibtdus, 19, 64 Prosorhynchus facilis, 20, 67 Prosorhynchus scalpellus, 19 Prosorhynchus squamatus, 19, 64 Psettichthys melanoslictus, 35, 68 Pseudopcoelus vulgaris, 44, 73 Pseudopsilostoma sp., 53 Pscudopsilostoma ondatrae, 52, 53, 76 112 TREMATODES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Pseudorenifer syntomentera, see Zcugor- chis syntomentera Psilostomidae, 52 Psilostoniuin sp., 53 Pterorytis foliata, 56, 61 Ptvchocheilus oregonensis, 7, 14, 24, 25 26, 65 Pumpkin-seed, 25, 63 Purpura foliata, see Pterorytis foliata Quinqucserialis quinqueserialis, 43, 78 Racoon, 37, 41, 80 Radulimis asprellus, 9, 64 Raja binoculata, 5, 8, 10, 17, 69 Raja rliina, 5, 69 Raja stelhilata, 5, 8, 69 Rajonchocotyle hatis, 8, 69 Rana aurora, 2)2, 37, 47, 52, 74 Rana aurora cascadae, 37, 74 Rana cascadae, see Rana aurora cascadae Rana pipiens, 23, 24 Rana pretiosa, 50, 74 Rana sylvatica, 23 Rana teinporaria, 26 Rat, white, 41 Ratfish, 6, 63 Red snapper, 6, 33, 34, 38, 72 Rhinichtliys cataractae, 6, 25, 65 Rhipidocotyle elongatuin, 19, 67 Ribeiroia sp., 53 Richardsonius balteatus, 6, 7, 21, 24, 25, 26, 65 Robin, American, 18, 22, 23, 77 Rocl- 2.50 118 r 03^^^i;l _,, \ ^M \-l 0. \. _ \